{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T22:46:31Z","timestamp":1789944391062,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03DC013152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03DC013152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a need to develop effective interventions and to compare the efficacy of different interventions for children with residual speech\u2010sound errors (RSSEs). Rhotics (the r\u2010family of sounds) are frequently in error American English\u2010speaking children with RSSEs and are commonly targeted in treatment. One treatment approach involves the use of ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although prior studies have shown that children with RSSEs acquire rhotics and generalize to untrained words with ultrasound visual feedback treatment, predictions from schema\u2010based motor learning theory suggest that visual feedback might impede generalization. Therefore, the primary aim was to compare the generalization of rhotics treated with and without ultrasound in children with RSSEs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve children aged 10\u201316 years with RSSEs affecting rhotics participated in a multiple\u2010baseline single\u2010case design with two treatment phases. For each participant, rhotics in one syllable position were treated for 7 h\u2010long sessions with ultrasound visual feedback and rhotics in a different syllable position were treated without ultrasound in a second treatment phase. The order of treatment conditions was counterbalanced across participants. A treatment framework incorporating the principles of motor learning through chaining procedures was implemented across both treatment phases; thus the primary distinction between conditions was the use of ultrasound visual feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On average, both treatments resulted in an approximately 30% increase in accuracy of untreated words in seven sessions. However, variability in response suggested some children showed a preferential response to one treatment over another, some responded well to both interventions, and some responded minimally to both interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor\u2010based treatment with and without ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue may aid in speech\u2010sound acquisition for children with RSSEs. Both approaches may be viable options for some children. Future research is necessary to determine which children are the best candidates for interventions with and without ultrasound visual feedback.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]],"date-time":"2016-06-14T09:32:31Z","timestamp":1465896751000},"page":"80-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Motor\u2010based treatment with and without ultrasound feedback for residual speech\u2010sound errors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Preston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY and Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT  USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Leece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University  Syracuse NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temple University  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/017)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Schools Survey Report: SLP Caseload Characteristics","author":"Asha","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Attaining the lingual components of \/r\/ with ultrasound for three adolescents with cochlear implants","volume":"34","author":"Bacsfalvi P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Speech\u2013Language Pathology and Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ling.1968.6.44.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4105.1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2014Fourth Edition","author":"Dunn L. 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