{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:37:10Z","timestamp":1781307430684,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment outcome data for children with severe speech sound disorders with motor speech involvement (SSD\u2010MSI) are derived from Phase I clinical research studies. These studies have demonstrated positive improvements in speech production. Currently there is no research examining the optimal treatment dose frequency for this population. The results of this study, which is the first of its kind, will inform the delivery of effective services for this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate optimal treatment dose frequency for the Motor Speech Treatment Protocol (MSTP) for children with SSD\u2010MSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 48 children (aged 43\u201347 months) with SSD\u2010MSI participated in the study. Participants received 45\u2010min MSTP intervention sessions either once per week (lower dose frequency) or twice per week (higher dose frequency) for a 10\u2010week period. Blinded outcome assessments were carried out at pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment\u2010related change was assessed at body structures, functions and activities participation level as per the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning framework: Children and Youth Version (ICF\u2010CY) framework WHO (2007). These measures are related to articulation, functional communication and speech intelligibility.<\/jats:p><jats:p>One\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that for all variables the baseline scores were not statistically different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05) between the two dose\u2010frequency groups. Overall, there was a significant main effect of Time (pre\u2013post) across all variables (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). However, repeated\u2010measures ANOVA did not result in any statistical interactions (Time \u00d7 Dose frequency) for any of the variables tested (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Only marginal clinical advantages (&lt; 4% change in intelligibility) were noted with the 10 extra sessions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the MSTP intervention approach in conjunction with home practice led to significant positive changes for all measures in children with SSD\u2010MSI. No statistical differences between high\u2010 and low\u2010dose\u2010frequency groups were observed for any of the variables. Clinical effects were examined using effect sizes, as well as changes in articulation, speech intelligibility and functional communication; these differed marginally between the two dose frequencies. This suggests limited benefits of 10 additional sessions per block. Thus, it is recommended that caregivers, speech\u2013language therapists and policy\u2010makers perform a cost\u2013benefit analysis before determining the dose frequency, when considering additional sessions per block.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T03:45:28Z","timestamp":1554263128000},"page":"673-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigating intervention dose frequency for children with speech sound disorders and motor speech involvement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Aravind K.","family":"Namasivayam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Dynamics Lab, Department of Speech\u2013Language Pathology University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Pukonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Speech and Stuttering Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Goshulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Speech and Stuttering Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Dynamics Lab, Department of Speech\u2013Language Pathology University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. James","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Dynamics Lab, Department of Speech\u2013Language Pathology University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Speech and Stuttering Institute  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Dynamics Lab, Department of Speech\u2013Language Pathology University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto Mississauga  Mississauga ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0076)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Audiologic Screening","author":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association (ASHA)","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Childhood Apraxia of Speech","author":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association (ASHA)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.717967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2010\/09-0075)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0034)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-222"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105381519001400402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(92)90001-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4202.382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.95.1.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Goldman\u2013Fristoe Test of Articulation\u2014Second Edition (GFTA\u20102)","author":"Goldman R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820601104960"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0902.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820903026762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Interventions for Speech\u2013Sound Disorders in Children","author":"Hayden D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Hodson Computerized Analysis of Phonological Patterns (HCAAP)","author":"Hodson B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1126640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"The Kaufman Speech Praxis: Test for Children","author":"Kaufman N. R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0058-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820902818888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119013563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/025)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"A Cochrane review of treatment for childhood apraxia of speech","volume":"45","author":"Morgan A. T.","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJSLP-13-0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2013.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2013.832431"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Speech intelligibility of children with cochlear implants","volume":"96","author":"Osberger M. J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Volta Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/asl2.1994.22.issue-2.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Developmental Phonological Disorders: Foundations of Clinical Practice","author":"Rvachew S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"Shriberg L. D. 2017 Motor speech disorder\u2010not otherwise specified: prevalence and phenotype. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Speech Motor Control Groningen the Netherlands(available at:http:\/\/www2.waisman.wisc.edu\/phonology\/pubs\/PUB98.pdf) (accessed on 5 September 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2010.503006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2012.655841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Shriberg L. D.andStrand E. A. 2018 Speech and Motor Speech Characteristics of a Consensus Group of 28 Children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Technical Report No. 25. Phonology Project.Madison WI:Waisman Center University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/leader.FTR1.13102008.10"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech: a treatment efficacy study","volume":"14","author":"Strand E. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech\u2013Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/07-0283)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2017.1316423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Clinical Management of Sensorimotor Speech Disorders","author":"Der Merwe A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-12-0193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.876662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","volume-title":"Children's Speech Intelligibility Measure","author":"Wilcox K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","volume-title":"Speech Disorders: Resource Guide for Preschool Children","author":"Williams A. L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-200507000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2012.688866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 International classification of functioning disability and health: children and youth version (Geneva: World Health Organization)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1460-6984.12472","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12472","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12472","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T22:59:14Z","timestamp":1694300354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12472","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}