{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:27:48Z","timestamp":1788964068941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1074831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1074831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescents in contact with youth justice are a vulnerable and marginalized group at high risk of developmental language disorder (DLD) and other communication difficulties. Though preliminary studies have demonstrated the benefits of speech and language therapy (SLT) services in youth justice, limited research has empirically tested the efficacy of intervention in these settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the extent to which intensive, one\u2010to\u2010one language intervention improved the communication skills of incarcerated adolescents with below\u2010average (&gt; 1 SD below the mean) language and\/or literacy skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of four empirical single case studies was conducted, using multiple baseline intervention design. Individualized intervention programmes were administered, and progress on outcome measures (probes) was evaluated throughout the baseline, intervention and maintenance phases using Tau<jats:italic>\u2010U<\/jats:italic>, a non\u2010parametric distribution\u2010free statistic. Additional measures were used as secondary outcomes of the intervention, including standardized language subtests, subjective rating tools by participants and their teachers collected pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention, and a brief structured participant interview, independently administered by youth justice staff.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medium\u2010to\u2010large effect sizes, the majority of which were statistically significant, were detected on the primary outcome measure across the four cases, indicating improvements in the targeted communication skills. Positive results were also evident in comparisons of pre\u2010 and post\u2010measures on standardized language subtests, subjective self\u2010 and teacher ratings of communication, and the participants\u2019 impressions of the interventions. For those participants who could be followed up, gains in language skills were generally maintained at 1 month post\u2010intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides further evidence of the efficacy of one\u2010to\u2010one SLT intervention for adolescents in youth justice in order to address language and literacy difficulties. These findings inform future SLT service provision for adolescents in these settings, with clear policy and practice implications. Future research should investigate the wider benefits to individuals\u2019 engagement in youth justice intervention and recidivism, as well as assessing maintenance of gains over a longer period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The high rates of DLD in youth justice is well known, with difficulties spanning multiple areas of language and literacy. SLTs are increasingly working in community and custodial youth justice settings, and a few preliminary studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of such work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study extends the evidence base of the efficacy of SLT for language and literacy difficulties in youth justice, using a series of four empirical single case studies. It is also argued that SLT should be more actively considered in planning multidisciplinary interventions for young people in custody.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results of this research support current moves to include SLT services in youth justice systems, and illustrate for clinicians currently working in this sector a way of structuring and measuring the impact of intervention services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T18:53:46Z","timestamp":1584730426000},"page":"458-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Speech and language therapy for adolescents in youth justice: A series of empirical single\u2010case studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel R.","family":"Swain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Training Parkville College  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Eadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela C.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education La Trobe University  Bendigo VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Standardization of the Contingency Naming Test (CNT) for school aged children: A measure of reactive flexibility","volume":"1","author":"Anderson P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.15.1.81.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549500903104447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.2.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-012-9165-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (ANZSOC)","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Adolescent substance use disorders: Findings from a 14\u2010year follow\u2010up of speech\/language\u2010impaired and control children","volume":"28","author":"Beitchman J. 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