{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:22:15Z","timestamp":1747182135255,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Every language has certain specific idiosyncrasies in its writing system. Cross\u2010linguistic analyses of alexias and agraphias are fundamental to understand commonalities and differences in the brain organization of written language. Few reports of alexias and agraphias in the Spanish language are currently available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse the clinical manifestations of alexias and agraphias in Spanish, and the effect of demographic variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spanish versions of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) and Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) were used for language assessment. Lesion localization was obtained by using computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The final sample included 200 patients: 195 (97.5%) right\u2010handed and five (2.5%) left\u2010handed; 119 men and 81 women with a mean age of 57.37 years (SD = 15.56), education of 13.52 years (SD = 4.08), and mean time post\u2010onset of 6.58 months (SD = 12.94). Using the WAB, four quotients were calculated: aphasia quotient (AQ), reading\u2013writing quotient (RWQ), language quotient (LQ) and cortical quotient (CQ).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The types of aphasia were: global = 11 patients (5.5%), Broca = 31 (15.5%), Wernicke = 30 (15.0%), conduction = 22 (11.0%), transcortical sensory = 17 (8.5%), transcortical motor = 3 (1.5%), amnesic or anomic = 54 (27.0%) and mixed non\u2010fluent = 32 (16.0%). The degree of oral and written language impairment differed across the various aphasia types. Most severe reading and writing difficulties were found in global, mixed non\u2010fluent and transcortical motor aphasia; fewer difficulties were observed in amnesic, Broca and conduction aphasia. The severity of the written language impairments paralleled the severity of the oral language disturbances. Age negatively, while schooling positively, correlated with the scores in reading and writing tests. No effect of sex and time since onset was found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Spanish\u2010speaking aphasia patients, difficulties in reading and writing are similar to oral language difficulties. This similarity of performance is mostly based on severity rather than the participants\u2019 patterns of errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>There is limited information about alexia and agraphia in Spanish.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>An extensive study with a large sample of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"><jats:list-item><jats:p>The study contributes to the clinical management of patients with reading and writing disturbances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T11:20:01Z","timestamp":1596194401000},"page":"875-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alexia and agraphia in Spanish"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Hospital Cl\u00ednico de la Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Macarena","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Hospital Cl\u00ednico de la Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9903-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ardila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication Sechenov University Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Psychology Doctoral Program Albizu University Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039808249457"},{"volume-title":"Aphasia Handbook","year":"2014","author":"Ardila A.","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"The Right Hemisphere: Neurology and Neuropsychology","author":"Ardila A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1993.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459408985991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0799-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039608248446"},{"volume-title":"Aphasia, Alexia, and Agraphia","year":"1979","author":"Benson D. F.","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195089349.001.0001","volume-title":"Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective","author":"Benson D. F.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432996382042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Sur un cas de cecite verbale avec agraphie suivi d'autopsie [On a case of verbal blindness with agraphia followed by autopsy]","volume":"3","author":"Dejerine J.","year":"1891","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus, Societe de Biologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Contribution a l'etude anatomo\u2010pathologique et clinique des diffrerents varietes de cecite verbale [Contribution to the anatomo\u2010pathological and clinical study of the different varieties of verbal blindness]","volume":"4","author":"Dejerine J.","year":"1892","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus, Societe de Biologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/872181"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Ethnologue. com\/language\/spa(accessed 3 January2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/473407"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Alexia de superficie en espa\u00f1ol sin d\u00e9ficit sem\u00e1ntico","volume":"4","author":"Ferreres A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsicologia Latinoamericana"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.006"},{"volume-title":"Bater\u00eda de Afasias Western Revisada. Versi\u00f3n traducida y adaptada al espa\u00f1ol chileno","year":"2008","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez R.","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"e432","article-title":"Clinical characterization of primary progressive aphasia cases using Western Aphasia Battery (WAB\u2010R)","volume":"357","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"volume-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la afasia y de trastornos relacionados [Assessment of aphasia and related disorders]","year":"2005","author":"Goodglass H.","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1"},{"volume-title":"Human Neuropsychology","year":"1978","author":"Hecaen H.","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8923-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1223705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2019.1630597"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073896"},{"volume-title":"Diccionario de la lengua espa\u00f1ola [Dictionary of Spanish language]","year":"2014","author":"Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1994.1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(86)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/950972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007036"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1460-6984.12566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12566","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T04:00:16Z","timestamp":1723348816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12566","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-2822"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-6984"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}