{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:20:56Z","timestamp":1778894456075,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although previous research studies have defined several prognostic factors that affect cognitive\u2010communication performance in patients with all traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity, little is known about what variables are associated with cognitive\u2010communication impairment in complicated mild TBI (mTBI) specifically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine which demographic and trauma\u2010related factors are associated with cognitive\u2010communication performance in the early recovery phase of acute care following a complicated mTBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographic and accident\u2010related data as well as the scores on cognitive\u2010communication skill measures in the areas of auditory comprehension (complex ideational material subtest of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination), verbal reasoning (verbal absurdities subtest of the Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude), confrontation naming (short form of the Boston Naming Test), verbal fluency (semantic category and letter category naming), and conversational discourse (conversational checklist of the Protocole Montr\u00e9al d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la communication) were retrospectively collected from the medical records of 128 patients with complicated mTBI admitted to a tertiary care trauma hospital. Multiple linear regressions analyses were carried out on the variables sex, age, education level, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, lesion site and bilingualism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Females performed better than males on letter\u2010category naming, while those more advanced in age performed worse on most cognitive\u2010communication measures. Patients with higher education achieved better confrontation and letter\u2010category naming, whereas reading comprehension results were worse with a lower GCS score. Bilingual individuals presented more difficulty in conversational discourse skills than those who spoke only one language. In terms of site of lesion, the presence of a right frontal injury was associated with worse auditory and reading comprehension and an occipital lesion was related to worse confrontation naming.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive\u2010communication skills should be evaluated early in all patients with complicated mTBI, but especially in those who are advanced in age, those with fewer years of education and those who present with lower GCS scores, in order to determine rehabilitation needs. The findings of this study will allow acute care clinicians to better understand how various demographic and injury\u2010related factors affect cognitive\u2010communication skills after complicated mTBI and to better nuance the interpretation of their evaluation results in order to improve clinical care. Further study is required regarding the influence of lesion location, sex and bilingualism following complicated mTBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In early acute recovery studies including all severity of TBI, cognitive\u2010communication performance was poorer in individuals with more advanced age, those with fewer years of education and with more severe TBI. It is not yet known which demographic and injury\u2010related variables predict cognitive\u2010communication performance after a complicated mTBI specifically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We confirmed that age, level of education and TBI severity, as measured with the GCS score, were associated with some areas of cognitive\u2010communication performance for a group of patients in the acute stage of recovery from a complicated mTBI. We also identified that sex, bilingualism and site of lesion were new variables that show an influence on aspects of cognitive\u2010communication skills in this group of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The findings of this study on prognostic factors in the case of complicated mTBI will help acute care clinicians to better understand evaluation results knowing the variables that can influence cognitive\u2010communication performance and to nuance the interpretation of these results with the goal of determining rehabilitation needs and enhancing clinical care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]],"date-time":"2020-12-27T18:10:36Z","timestamp":1609092636000},"page":"130-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cognitive\u2010communication performance following mild traumatic brain injury: Influence of sex, age, education, site of lesion and bilingualism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-8352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Program McGill University Health Center  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Seresova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Program McGill University Health Center  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9anne","family":"Laberge\u2010Poirier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Program McGill University Health Center  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Tabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman Y.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Adult Neurosurgery Department National Neurosciences Institute, King Fahad Medical City  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Feyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Program McGill University Health Center  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"de Guise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en r\u00e9adaptation du Montr\u00e9al m\u00e9tropolitain (CRIR)  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Research Institute McGill University Health Center  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Missing Data","author":"Allison P.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Definition of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"AMERICAN CONGRESS OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude","author":"Baker H. J.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050600832445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000057150.60668.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination Manual","author":"Benton A. L.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.654587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905021000013183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"CANADIAN ADULT ACHIEVEMENT TEST 1988 (Toronto Ontario Canada:The Psychological Corporation and Harcourt Brace & Company)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1539246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-18-0204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.6.828.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.947619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination","author":"Goodglass H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026990500120547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication","author":"Joanette Y.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","volume-title":"Protocole Montr\u00e9al d'\u00e9valuation de la communication","author":"Joanette Y.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"The Boston Naming Test","author":"Kaplan E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.4.600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1022560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/nnsld25.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050601081927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.888760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci3031198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.8.1057.16736"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","volume-title":"The functional assessment of verbal reasoning and executive strategies (Adult Version)","author":"Macdonald S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2019.1583281"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-18-0203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610909114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414183112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Validity studies on the BNI screen for higher cerebral functions","volume":"9","author":"Prigatano G. P.","year":"1995","journal-title":"BNI Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2019.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000539"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn3002_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-017-0801-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2019.1583280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-18-0196"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Discourse production following mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury: a comparison of two tasks","volume":"8","author":"Stout C. E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech\u2013Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3182048f7c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","unstructured":"TEST DE RENDEMENT POUR FRANCOPHONES 1995 (Toronto Ontario Canada:Harcourt Brace & Company and The Psychological Corporation)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","first-page":"2492","article-title":"Differences in functional MR imaging activation patterns associated with confrontation naming and responsive naming","volume":"26","author":"Tomaszewki Farias S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming","volume":"14","author":"Tombaugh T. N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","first-page":"ix","article-title":"Practice guidelines for standardized assessment for persons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Tursktra L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech\u2013Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199009000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2014.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672891400087X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206792109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","first-page":"879","volume-title":"Language intervention strategies in adult aphasia","author":"Ylvisaker M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1351000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050897"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12589","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12589","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T10:04:29Z","timestamp":1693735469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12589","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}