{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:05:01Z","timestamp":1785528301063,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant proportion of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience speech, language and communication difficulties which are associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. Speech and language therapy (SLT) interventions are an important way to address these communication difficulties, yet there is limited available evidence to provide information about the effectiveness of the different approaches used for this heterogeneous group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the evidence available for the effectiveness of SLT interventions aimed at improving communication for adults with ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search across relevant databases was performed. Information on methodological details of each relevant study, along with descriptions of the SLT interventions employed, were extracted and the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) was used to assess quality. Findings were discussed in a narrative synthesis grouped by target communication skill.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 10 relevant studies met the inclusion criteria. These were predominantly interventions aimed directly at adults with ID to improve speech, increase augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) use and develop interaction skills, with one study addressing work with carers. The included studies were all rated as low quality. There is weak preliminary evidence that SLT input can improve the communication skills of adults with ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is insufficient evidence to draw strong conclusions about the effectiveness of SLT in this population. Further high\u2010level evidence across speech, language and communication domains is urgently needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>There is limited evidence for community health interventions used with adults with ID. Previous reviews of SLT interventions found a lack of evidence base for this population. Some areas of SLT practice such as AAC have demonstrated potential benefits and other areas including speech work, social communication skills and training for communication partners have some evidence base for children with ID but there is currently insufficient evidence for adults with ID.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The study systematically reviews the current evidence base available when considering the effectiveness of SLT intervention for adults with ID. It provides weak evidence to suggest SLT intervention can improve communication in this population and highlights the need for clinically relevant, robustly designed studies to be undertaken in this field.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The lack of high\u2010quality studies with sufficient power to draw conclusions about effectiveness means SLTs are not able to base their intervention choices on firm evidence. There is an urgent need to conduct robust research into the effectiveness of SLT interventions for adults with ID.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T04:31:38Z","timestamp":1614141098000},"page":"435-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Is speech and language therapy effective at improving the communication of adults with intellectual disabilities?: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8947-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si\u0203n","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0003-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penny","family":"Standen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2011.00146.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010625.pub2","article-title":"Clozapine for psychotic disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities","author":"Ayub M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Adults with learning disabilities (ALD)","author":"Baker V.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07434610802131059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1366825031000150964"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0099)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300012891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Development of an 'individualised sensory environment' for adults with learning disabilities and an evaluation of its effects on their interactive behaviours","author":"Bunning K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829809179456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2012\/11-0036)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3156.2008.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(03)00042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-121.3.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Quality Network for Learning Disability Services (QNLD)","author":"Colwill A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17430\/882708","article-title":"Speech difficulties and poor speech intelligibility in adults with Down syndrome: a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Coppens\u2010Hofman M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hearing Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-1609.2011.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Department of Health.2001 Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century.HM Stationery Office."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1991.24-369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"The handbook of evidence\u2010based practice in Communication Disorders","author":"Dollaghan C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Emerson E.andBaines S.2010 Health inequalities and people with learning disabilities in the UK.2010. 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