{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:22:31Z","timestamp":1747182151300,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is typically associated with a loss of semantic knowledge. Research on the semantic processing in the other clinical variants of PPA is, however, rather sparse and limited to off\u2010line behavioural studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate verbal semantic processing in patients with the three variants of PPA by the event\u2010related potential technique. The presence, latency, amplitude and\/or topographic distribution of the N400 effect may be helpful in the diagnosis of PPA and its clinical variants and it provides temporal information about semantic processing (disturbances) in the three variants of PPA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The N400 effect was studied by a categorical word\u2010priming paradigm and a semantic\u2010anomaly paradigm at sentence level in eight persons with PPA(\u2010plus) and 30 age\u2010matched healthy controls. The mean amplitudes and onset latencies of the N400 effect were compared between each patient and the control group by two methods that are applicable in clinical practice, namely visual inspection and <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The N400 effect elicited by the categorical\u2010priming paradigm was only present in the two patients with the non\u2010fluent variant of PPA. This effect was absent in the two patients with the semantic variant(\u2010plus), two patients with the logopenic variant(\u2010plus), one patient with the non\u2010fluent variant\u2010plus, and the patient with PPA not otherwise specified. The results of the N400 effect elicited by the semantic\u2010anomaly task at the sentence level were variable, but differences in the presence, mean amplitudes, onset latencies and\/or topographic distributions of the effect were found in all patients with PPA(\u2010plus) in comparison with the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of our study showed that the evaluation of the N400 effect might have an added value in the diagnostic process of PPA in general and in the differentiation of patients with the non\u2010fluent variant from patients with the logopenic and semantic variants. Furthermore, our results indicate the presence of difficulties with retrieving stored semantic knowledge or semantic integration of a word in the preceding context in patients with the three variants of PPA. These findings might help the speech\u2013language pathologist in determining individualized therapy goals and indicate that it might be helpful to focus on verbal semantic processing in language therapy in patients with the three variants of PPA and not only in patients with the semantic variant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The semantic variant of PPA is characterized by an impaired object knowledge and single\u2010word comprehension and these functions are relatively spared in the non\u2010fluent and logopenic variants following the guidelines of Gorno\u2010Tempini et\u00a0al. (2011). Research on the semantic processing in patients with the non\u2010fluent and logopenic variant is, however, rather sparse and limited to off\u2010line behavioural studies. Only four group studies investigated verbal semantic processing by the N400 effect, and these studies indicate disturbances in the three variants of PPA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our results indicate the presence of difficulties with retrieving stored semantic knowledge or semantic integration of a word in the preceding context during a semantic\u2010priming paradigm in patients with the semantic and logopenic variants of PPA and during a semantic\u2010anomaly task at the sentence level in patients with the three variants of PPA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results of our study showed that the evaluation of the N400 effect might have an added value in the diagnostic process of PPA in general and in the differentiation of patients with the non\u2010fluent variant from patients with the logopenic and semantic variants. The evaluation of the N400 effect might also help the speech\u2013language pathologist in determining individualized therapy goals and indicate that it might be helpful to focus on verbal semantic processing in language therapy in patients with the three variants of PPA and not only in patients with the semantic variant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T14:02:08Z","timestamp":1628258528000},"page":"1165-1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A case series of verbal semantic processing in primary progressive aphasia: Evidence from the N400 effect"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4354-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jara","family":"Stalpaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elissa\u2010Marie","family":"Cocquyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marijke","family":"Miatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sieben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Van Langenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"van Mierlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miet","family":"De Letter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107728"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00034-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2014.04.010"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4756"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290342000113"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocquyt E.M. Santens P. vanMierlo P. Duyck W. Szmalec A.&De Letter M.(2021)Age\u2010 and gender\u2010related differences in verbal semantic processing: The development of normative electrophysiological data in the Flemish population. Language cognition and neuroscience.","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2021.1957137"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.12.028"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.05.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feiken J.&Jonkers R.(2012)Diagnostisch Instrument voor Apraxie van de Spraak.Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-313-9060-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01839-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04013-z"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp235"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121690"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.07.004"},{"volume-title":"Pyramids and Palm Trees","year":"1992","author":"Howard D.","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5984-11.2012"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2912-09.2009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.09.060"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.012"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.643"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2004.10.002"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369374-7\/50018-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2532"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.011"},{"volume-title":"An introduction to the event\u2010related potential technique","year":"2014","author":"Luck S.J.","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luck S.J.&Kappenman E.S.(2012)The Oxford handbook of event\u2010related potential components.Oxford University Press.","key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195374148.001.0001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043230"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8762-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000272"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0243-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788929264"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0393-8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2018.1490388"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-20-00008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.1.39"},{"volume-title":"Comprehensive Aphasia Test","year":"2014","author":"Swinburn K.","key":"e_1_2_6_40_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Classificatie van links\u2010 en rechtshandige proefpersonen","volume":"47","author":"Van Strien J.W.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en Haar Grensgebieden"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087650"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12658","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12658","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T09:47:00Z","timestamp":1693216020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12658","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-2822"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-6984"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}