{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:25:25Z","timestamp":1772025925507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Difficulties in language development are related to social and emotional problems, lower academic outcomes, and lower quality of life from childhood to adolescence. These grave consequences might be significantly reduced by timely identification and professional support. The introduction of systematic screening for language delay (LD) in 3\u2010year\u2010old children in Hungary was based on the recent adaptation of the MacArthur\u2013Bates CDI\u2010III (HCDI\u2010III).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the relevant psychometric properties of the HCDI\u2010III; to identify factors characteristic of the families and children influencing language development at the age group under investigation; and to evaluate the adequacy of the tool for the purpose of screening LD in kindergarten at the age of 3 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The norming study of the HCDI\u2010III was conducted in a collaborative research project with the Metropolitan Pedagogical Services in Budapest. HCDI\u2010III parent report forms along with a demographic survey form were distributed to parents of all Hungarian\u2010speaking children between the ages of 2;0 and 4;2 without special education needs. The normative sample comprised data from 1424 children aged 2;0\u20134;2 with 51.1% boys and 48.9% girls. The data set contained information including language skills, basic demographics, birth conditions, health issues and socio\u2010economic status (SES).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the HCDI\u2010III form, six outcome variables were created to cover the domains of expressive vocabulary, morphosyntax and language use. Statistical analyses revealed appropriate psychometric properties of five outcome variables that showed a normal distribution and were strongly correlated to age. Outcomes of girls were slightly (but significantly) higher on scales corresponding to vocabulary, syntax, language use and productivity. Most variables were highly correlated with one another even with age partialled out. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant effect of age, gender and parental education on all main outcome variables. Neither one of the other eight predictors, including familial and birth\u2010related factors, affected linguistic outcomes in our sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results are consistent with the majority of Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) studies, and support the psychometric eligibility of the instrument for screening purposes between 30 and 50 months. As certain regions of Hungary are characterised by a high prevalence of low\u2010SES families, more research is needed to adapt the screening procedure and subsequent measures to their needs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>Difficulties in language development are related to lower social and academic outcomes and lower quality of life from childhood to adolescence. These grave consequences might be significantly reduced by timely identification and professional support. Structured parent report forms such as the MacArthur\u2013Bates CDI are widely accepted methods for screening children with LD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>This study reports the Hungarian adaptation and norming of the CDI\u2010III form. Statistical analyses revealed appropriate psychometric properties of most of its sections. Language outcomes were affected by age, gender and parental education on all main outcome variables in children between 2 and 4 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item>\n<jats:p>The results support the psychometric eligibility of the HCDI\u2010III instrument for screening purposes. The introduction of the screening procedure in clinical practice is expected to improve early support of children with language difficulties and reduce risks of developmental problems related to language disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T13:01:23Z","timestamp":1641646883000},"page":"252-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Development and norming of the Hungarian CDI\u2010III: A screening tool for language delay"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Bence","family":"KAS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd Research Network  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"JAKAB","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"L\u0150RIK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000908008714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.677575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Reliability and validity assessment","author":"Carmines E.,G.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820801921601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/044)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"A parent report measure of language development for three\u2010year\u2010olds","author":"Dale P.S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Scale development. 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