{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:29:21Z","timestamp":1792096161817,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(HRC16\/811)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(HRC16\/811)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of ultrasound as an adjunct to clinical swallowing evaluation provides quantitative physiological and morphological data. As a low\u2010risk procedure, ultrasound imaging can be performed outside of a medical setting. This is particularly important for patients living in rural areas with restricted access to a hospital. Technical advances have produced pocket\u2010sized ultrasound technology that is more affordable, and therefore within the fiscal reach of most allied health services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the validity and reliability of pocket\u2010sized ultrasound technology in dysphagia assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were acquired from 43 patients with dysphagia using the Clarius ultrasound device. Ultrasound and videofluoroscopic measures of hyoid and laryngeal displacement during liquid and puree swallowing were collected concurrently to quantify correlation and agreement between identical measures derived from the two instruments. Reliability of ultrasound was assessed for measures of hyoid and laryngeal displacement, tongue thickness, and size of the submental muscles in eight patients. Reliability was evaluated for the entire process of data acquisition including scanning and online measurement using an iPad in a clinical setting and for offline measurement on a computer screen to explore environmental influences on reliability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results revealed poor correlation between the measures of interest across instruments. Reliability of the entire process of data acquisition in a clinical setting was insufficient while reliability was more promising for offline measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical use of pocket\u2010sized ultrasound devices, such as the Clarius system, for swallowing evaluation is not indicated at this time. Enhanced validity and reliability of the entire process of data acquisition are needed prior to clinical translation of such technology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The use of ultrasound allows for radiation\u2010free, non\u2010invasive swallowing assessment. Some data suggest that ultrasound is valid and reliable in the evaluation of swallowing using standard\u2010sized equipment. Insufficient validity and reliability have been reported for pocket\u2010sized ultrasound technology in the assessment of healthy swallowing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This research is the first to provide validity and reliability data of the pocket\u2010sized Clarius technology in the evaluation of swallowing in patients with dysphagia. Insufficient validity and reliability of online data acquisition in a clinical environment were found. Reliability for offline measurement was more promising.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The clinical use of pocket\u2010sized ultrasound devices, such as the Clarius system, for swallowing assessment is not indicated at this time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1643887198000},"page":"539-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Swallowing assessment in patients with dysphagia: Validity and reliability of a pocket\u2010sized ultrasound system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Winiker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development Swiss University of Speech and Language Sciences SHLR  Rorschach Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Speech\u2010Language Therapy Waitemat\u0101 District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Speech\u2010Language Therapy Waitemat\u0101 District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Dimmock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech\u2010Language Therapy Waitemat\u0101 District Health Board  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie\u2010Lee","family":"Huckabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483381411.n99"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmu.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Dysphagia following stroke","author":"Daniels S.K.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90391-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000473876"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Foundations of clinical research. 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