{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:05:56Z","timestamp":1782281156382,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present retrospective study examines veterans and military personnel who have sustained a cognitive\u2013communication deficit\/disorder (CCD) and\/or aphasia secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The prevalence of each disorder secondary to TBI is identified and demographic factors are analysed to determine whether specific characteristics (age, gender, race and\/or ethnicity) differentially influenced diagnosis (CCD or aphasia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis examining the prevalence of CCD and aphasia among US service personnel with a complicated mild\u2010to\u2010severe TBI treated over a 4\u2010year period (1 January 2016\u201331 December 2019) was conducted. Medical diagnoses and demographic factors were obtained from administrative data repositories and a logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between demographic factors and diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses revealed that 8.8% of individuals studied had a secondary diagnosis of CCD (6.9%), aphasia (1.5%) or both (0.4%). This signifies 6863 cases of CCD, 1516 cases of aphasia and 396 cases of CCD and aphasia (dual diagnosis) per 100,000 individuals who have sustained a complicated mild\u2010to\u2010severe TBI. The proportion of cases observed with these diagnoses was consistent with the racial, gender and ethnic demographics of those diagnosed with TBI. Statistical modelling revealed that increased age is predictive of a diagnosis of aphasia relative to CCD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Service personnel sustaining TBIs are at increased risk of communication impairments with deficits observed across all gender, racial and ethnic demographics. CCD is more commonly observed than aphasia, though clinicians should be cognisant of both when performing assessments. Age is a factor that can influence diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Military personnel are at increased risk of communication disorders (CCDs) with TBI associated with multiple types of communication impairments including CCD, aphasia, dysarthria and apraxia of speech.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This paper examines CCD and aphasia occurring following TBI. The proportion of observed cases of CCD and aphasia secondary to TBI are calculated over a 4\u2010year period and the prevalence of these disorders is provided. Additionally, statistical modelling is used to identify differences in the diagnosis of CCD relative to aphasia using the demographic factors of age, racial identity and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CCD is a frequently occurring issue following TBI, and the findings of this study demonstrate that it is a concern observed across gender, racial and ethnic lines. Advanced age is linked with the diagnosis of aphasia relative to CCD following TBI and should be a consideration during evaluation of patients who have sustained significant head trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T06:31:49Z","timestamp":1662532309000},"page":"82-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The diagnostic intersection of cognitive\u2013communication disorders and aphasia secondary to TBI"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nevada State College School of Education  Henderson NV USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital  Hines IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Guernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital  Hines IL USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences Speech\u2013Language Pathology Program Lewis University  Romeoville IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Stika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury\/Disorder Service Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital  Hines IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Bender Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital  Hines IL USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"Center for Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital  Hines IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70294-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701481597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1618929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Pragmatics, cognition, and communication in traumatic brain injury","author":"Body R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004\u201028220150133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31803dcdf3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2003.50091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826143051.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"College of Audiologists and Speech\u2013Language Pathologists(2015)Practice standard and guideline for acquired cognitive\u2013communication disorders.http:\/\/www.caslpo.com\/sites\/default\/uploads\/files\/PSG_EN_Acquired_Cognitive_Communication_Disorders.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026870300401469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050210128870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Fletcher T.D.(2019).QuantPsyc: quantitative psychology tools. 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