{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:44:48Z","timestamp":1787161488672,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007388","name":"Compagnia di San Paolo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D11G19000220007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D11G19000220007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite increasing knowledge of social communication skills of autistic peole, the interrelatedness of different skills such as non\u2010linguistic comprehension, social inference and empathizing skills is not much known about. A better understanding of the complex interplay between different domains of social communication helps us to develop assessment protocols for individuals with social communication difficulties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the performances of autistic young adults, young adults with autistic traits identified in childhood and control young adults in social communication tasks measuring non\u2010linguistic comprehension, social inference and empathizing skills. In addition, to examine associations between the different social communication measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Autistic young adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34), young adults with autistic traits (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 19) and control young adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 36) completed the extra\u2010 and paralinguistic scales of the Assessment Battery for Communication (ABaCo), the Faux Pas Recognition Test, Social\u2013Pragmatic Questions (SoPra) and the Empathy Quotient (EQ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group differences were found in the performance in the ABaCo, SoPra and EQ scores. Compared with the control young adults, autistic young adults scored lower. The performance of the young adults in the autistic traits group fell in between the other two groups. There were no group differences in the Faux Pas Recognition Test. The variability within the groups was large in all measurements. In the control group, there was a significant correlation between EQ and SoPra scores and between the Faux Pas and SoPra scores. In the autistic group, a significant correlation was found between Faux Pas and SoPra scores. Also, other patterns were observed but these were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The young adults with autistic traits fell in between the control and autistic young adults, highlighting the presence of the continuum in the terms of features of social communication. The results support other current research that suggests that theory of mind and other social communication skills may not be universally or widely impaired in all autistic individuals without cognitive deficits. Although all tasks examined social communication skills, only a small number of significant correlations were found between test scores. This highlights that clinical conclusions about a person's social communication should be based on the outcomes of different types of methods measuring different aspects of social communication. It is clear that the interrelatedness of different social communication skills needs further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What This Paper Adds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>For successful communication, the ability to infer others\u2019 emotions, intentions and mental states is crucial. Autistic people have difficulty with many aspects of social communication. However, the associations between different aspects of social communication need to be better understood.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>The unique contribution of this study is to compare the performance of autistic people not only with that of a control group but also with people with childhood autistic traits. This provides an understanding of the interrelatedness of different social communication skills in people with varying degrees of autistic traits.<\/jats:p>\n                      <jats:p>This study used four assessment methods focusing on three different social communication elements (non\u2010linguistic comprehension, social inference and empathizing skills). These elements have complex relationships to one another, some being closely overlapping, some more distally related and some reflect more complex multifactorial elements. This study shows that although groups differ from each other in most of the assessments, the performance of different groups overlapped showing that many autistic young adults can perform well in non\u2010linguistic and social inference tasks in structured assessment contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Our findings suggest that in the assessment of social communication, self\u2010reports and clinical assessments can be used effectively together. They can complement each other, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of a person, leading to more personalized therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T08:29:57Z","timestamp":1675240197000},"page":"1133-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Non\u2010linguistic comprehension, social inference and empathizing skills in autistic young adults, young adults with autistic traits and control young adults: Group differences and interrelatedness of skills"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soile","family":"Loukusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Gabbatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPSI Research Group, Department of Psychology University of Turin; Institute of Neurosciences of Turin  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4631-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aija R.","family":"Kotila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Dindar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"M\u00e4kinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeva","family":"Leinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"M\u00e4mmel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Logopedics University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca M.","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIPSI Research Group, Department of Psychology University of Turin; Institute of Neurosciences of Turin  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Jussila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuula M.","family":"Hurtig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, Child Psychiatry University of Oulu, Finland, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja\u2010Leena","family":"Mattila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association. 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