{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T03:14:17Z","timestamp":1787368457731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was designed to produce a new parent\u2010report measure, the Diagnostic Receptive Expressive Assessment of Mandarin\u2010Infant Toddler Assessment of Communication and Language (DREAM\u2010IT) in order to provide norms for the developmental skills of children aged 0\u201336 months in four areas: expressive language, receptive language, cognitive play and social skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>The scale was designed to be both broader and deeper than existing instruments that neglect one or more of these significant domains involved in early language. Items were chosen by a group of specialists with clinical experience working with the age group and with attention to the developmental literature. Caregivers were tested individually by a trained person who asked the questions and provided examples. In addition to an extensive health questionnaire, caregivers answered questions in Mandarin about their child's behaviour using a scale of \u2018not yet\u2019, \u2018sometimes\u2019 or \u2018always\u2019 or listing out words and\/or sounds understood or said by the child. The 476 participating caregivers were recruited at maternal and child healthcare clinics centred in Chengdu, China, 191 of whom were tested a second time seven months later. The children were sampled in three\u2010month age\u2010bands from 0 to 36 months. The sample was balanced for child gender by age band, and parental education was balanced. Caregivers of 0\u201324\u2010month\u2010old children and caregivers of 12\u201336 months were each asked a different set of questions, to determine the appropriate age range and cutoff points for each question, requiring the sample size to be doubled for children aged 12\u201324 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results were subject to item\u2010response theory analysis to remove outlying items, and the resulting internal reliability was high for each domain (average Cronbach's alpha=0.87). The final instrument (between 67 and 113 questions in total) was refined to include the least redundant questions that had the highest intercorrelations, with attention paid to coverage of all domains across the age range. Two scales were developed: one for children 0\u201318 months, the second for children aged 18\u201336 months. The longitudinal design permitted the creation of growth curves and norms for each domain for six\u2010month intervals from 0 to 36 months. A small sample of 32 parents of children with Down syndrome aged 18\u201336 months provided validation that the scales are highly sensitive to developmental delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The instrument shows considerable promise for detecting early communication problems in children in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p>In China, efforts were made in recent years to develop language assessments for infants and toddlers, but limitations existed with the domains included and number of items included per age group. Many clinical practitioners also continued to rely on language subtests of general developmental scales, which were limited in depth and breadth of language skills tested and were never intended for diagnosis of language delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper discusses the development of a valid caregiver report instrument for early communication and language skills of infants and toddlers in mainland China. The Diagnostic Receptive Expressive Assessment of Mandarin\u2010Infant Toddler (DREAM\u2010IT) includes foundational domains necessary for language and communication development in young children (receptive language, expressive language, cognitive play and social communication domains). The results show strong internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for each domain on a sample of 716 children sampled in three\u2010month age bands from 0 to 36 months. The external validity proved strong when tested on a group of 32 young children with Down syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p>Besides helping to inform the diagnosis of language delays in infants and toddlers in China, the caregiver report instrument has special features to support clinical practitioners in a field that is just emerging in China. The unique support features include the automatic generation of a profile of relative strengths and weaknesses of the child on the report and the recommendation of child\u2010specific caregiver coaching videos on a companion app.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T05:04:21Z","timestamp":1680843861000},"page":"1887-1902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The development of a parent report instrument of early communication and language skills of infants and toddlers in mainland China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Xueman Lucy","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"},{"name":"University of Texas  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Rolfhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Hutchings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqiu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Qingyang District Maternal and Child Hospital  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill de","family":"Villiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Boao Bethel International Medical Center  Boao China"},{"name":"Smith College  Northampton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723715596648"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u20105","author":"American Psychiatric Association, D., & American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association. (2022a)The practice portal. Available from:https:\/\/www.asha.org\/practice\u2010portal\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association. (2022b)How does your child hear and talk?Available from:https:\/\/www.asha.org\/public\/speech\/development\/chart\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Developmental norms for speech and language","author":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"The emergence of symbols: cognition and communication in infancy","author":"Bates E.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1368282031000121651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5102.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Bethel parent application","author":"Bethel Hearing & Speaking Training Center","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900012897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31390-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900000866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2022.2141327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1166214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<84::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30160-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.694475"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Dale P.S.&Penfold M.(2011)Adaptations of the MacArthur\u2010Bates CDI into non\u2010US English languages. Available from:http:\/\/mb\u2010cdi.stanford.edu\/documents\/AdaptationsSurvey7\u20105\u201011Web.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500091700006X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn L.M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"MacArthur\u2010Bates CDI (communication developmental inventory) words and sentences","author":"Fenson L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"The MacArthur communicative development inventories: user's guide and technical manual","author":"Fenson L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Haacke O.(2016)Official 13th five\u2010year plan outline released.US. Available from:https:\/\/www.uschina.org\/policy\/official\u201013th\u2010five\u2010year\u2010plan\u2010outline\u2010released"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"China makes headway in disability prevention","author":"Huxia","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9152.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136828200247287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820903165693"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9450.00115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"The Mobile Economy China 2021 \u2010 GSMA. (2021) Available from:https:\/\/data.gsmaintelligence.com\/research\/research\/research-2021\/the-mobile-economy-china-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315806617"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2022)Speech and language developmental milestones. Available from:https:\/\/www.nidcd.nih.gov\/health\/speech\u2010and\u2010language"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Prath S.(2018)The how and why of collecting a language sample. Available from:https:\/\/leader.pubs.asha.org\/do\/10.1044\/the\u2010how\u2010and\u2010why\u2010of\u2010collecting\u2010a\u2010language\u2010sample\/full\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Speech\u2010language impairment: how to identify the most common and least diagnosed disability of childhood","volume":"10","author":"Prelock P.A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Medscape Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/035)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"Navigating the diagnostic complexities of DSM\u20105 language and communication disorders: keep your eye on SLI","author":"Rice M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0055)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318146902a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2018.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short E. Schindler R. Obeid R. Noeder M. Hlavaty L. Gross S. et\u00a0al. (2020)Examining the role of language in play among children with and without developmental disabilities.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2020_LSHSS\u201019\u201000084","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_LSHSS-19-00084"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.23219935904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.2.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"Chinese communicative development inventories: user's guide and manual","author":"Tardif T.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","volume-title":"Early childhood development: a multicultural perspective","author":"Trawick\u2010Smith J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2019.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","volume-title":"Communication and symbolic behaviour scales","author":"Wetherby A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpa.2020.100040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2016)China\u2010WHO country cooperation strategy 2016\u20132020. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WPRO\u20102016\u2010DPM\u2010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization United Nations Children's Fund & World Bank Group. (2018)Nurturing care for early childhood development. Available from:https:\/\/nurturing\u2010care.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","volume-title":"Measuring infant\/toddler language development: lessons learned about assessment and screening tools (OPRE Brief 2015\u201352)","author":"Xue Y.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"Scio briefing on reform and development of health sector in 13th five\u2010Year Plan Period (2016\u20102020)","author":"Yang X.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<285:EPOLIC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","volume-title":"Preschool language scales, fourth edition (PLS\u20104)","author":"Zimmerman I.L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"The establishment of screening standard for the language development of 2\u20103\u2010year old children in Mainland China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhong Guo Er Tong Bao Jian ZaZhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","volume-title":"Phonological development in specific contexts: studies of Chinese\u2010speaking children","author":"Zhu H.","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12874","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1699967801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12874","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}