{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:23:08Z","timestamp":1747182188720,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intelligibility measurement is influenced by the characteristics of a speaker, listener and contextual factors. This study addresses the clinical problem of measuring speech intelligibility in children with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in real\u2010world conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of background noise on speech intelligibility in speakers with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) compared to typical speech. The study further determined the contribution of nasalance and articulation accuracy in judgments of intelligibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen speakers diagnosed with VPI and their typical peers provided audio recordings of 20 sentences from the Hearing in Noise Test. Speech samples were presented over quiet and noise (+5\u00a0dB signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio) conditions to 70 na\u00efve listeners. Intelligibility scores from na\u00efve listeners' orthographic transcriptions were obtained as the percentage of correctly identified words.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance showed diagnosis of VPI (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1, 28) = 13.44, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001, and presence of noise (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1, 28) = 39.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) significantly affected the intelligibility scores. There was no interaction between the diagnosis of VPI and noise (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(1, 28) = 0.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.80). The multivariate regression analysis indicated that nasalance and articulation accuracy explain a significant amount of variance in the intelligibility scores of VPI speakers in quiet (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2, 12) = 7.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0 = 0.55, <jats:italic>R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>Adjusted<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u00a0 = 0.47) and noise (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(2, 12) = 6.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0 = 0.51, <jats:italic>R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>Adjusted<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u00a0 = 0.43), but the significance mainly came from the effect of percentage of consonants correct (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.97, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>(12) = 2.90, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). Percentage of consonants correct significantly increased the speech intelligibility in either with or without noise conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current work suggests that background noise will significantly affect reductions in intelligibility in both groups; the effect is more prominent in VPI speech. It was also further noted that articulation accuracy significantly affected intelligibility in quiet and noise rather than nasalance scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Intelligibility measurement is influenced by the characteristics of a speaker, listener and contextual factors. Accordingly, it is essential to determine the degree to which speech assessments in the clinic can predict communication difficulties in the presence of background noise in real life. Background noise can adversely cause speech intelligibility degradation in individuals with speech disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The study examined the effects of background noise on speech intelligibility in speakers with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) secondary to cleft palate compared to typical speech. The study results suggested that the presence of background noise will significantly affect reductions in intelligibility in both groups; however, the effect is more prominent in VPI speech.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found out that the intelligibility of VPI speech is lower in the presence of background noise, and therefore, assessments of speech intelligibility in clinical settings should take this into account. To ensure effective communication in noisy environments, recommended strategies include selecting quiet locations, eliminating potential distractions and supplementing communication with nonverbal cues. It is important to recognize that the effectiveness of these strategies may vary depending on the individual and the specific communication context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T14:12:49Z","timestamp":1686319969000},"page":"1814-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of multitasker babble noise on speech intelligibility in children with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-9813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedieh Hashemi","family":"Hosseinabad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, College of Health and Public Service University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Eastern Washington University  Spokane Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Speech\u2010to\u2010noise levels and conversational intelligibility in hypophonia and Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Adams S.G.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech\u2010Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013552"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200500270689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802295203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/14-027"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Unclear speech: recognition and significance of unintelligible speech in preschool children","volume":"82","author":"Coplan J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.3104.362"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1991_028_0184_uonaad_2.3.co_2"},{"volume-title":"Motor speech disorders e\u2010book: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management","year":"2019","author":"Duffy J.R.","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Examining the conversational speech intelligibility of individuals with hypophonia associated with Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Dykstra A.D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Speech\u2010Language Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200400024863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Garnier M. 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