{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:58:46Z","timestamp":1767664726331,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) can affect social interaction and communication as well as motor and cognitive processes. Speech is affected in PD, as is the control of voluntary eye movements which are thought to play an important role in \u2018turn taking\u2019 in conversation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to measure eye movements during spoken conversation in PD to assess whether differences in patterns of eye gaze are linked to disrupted turn taking and impaired communication efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven participants with mild PD and 14 controls completed a two\u2010player guessing game. During each 3 min game turn, one of the players had to guess the names of as many objects as possible based only on the other player's description. Eye movements were recorded simultaneously in both participants using mobile eye trackers along with speech onset and offset times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When people with PD played the role of describer, the other player guessed fewer objects compared to when controls described objects. When guessing objects, people with PD performed just as well as controls. Analysis of eye fixations showed that people with PD made longer periods of fixation on the other player's face relative to controls and a lower number of such \u2018gaze on face\u2019 periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>A combination of oculomotor, cognitive and speech abnormalities may disrupt communication in PD. Better public awareness of oculomotor, speech and other deficits in the condition could improve social connectedness in people with Parkinson's.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on this subject?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Parkinson's disease is known to affect the control of voluntary eye movements. Direction of eye gaze is important in spoken conversation as a cue to turn\u2010taking, but no studies have examined whether eye movements are different during communication in people with Parkinson's.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>People with Parkinson's showed longer periods of eye fixation during conversations compared to controls. Delays and overlaps between speech turns were also affected in patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Better knowledge of the effect of the disease on eye gaze control amongst clinicians may help improve communication and social connectedness for patients in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T04:27:31Z","timestamp":1697084851000},"page":"715-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gaze\u2010speech coordination during social interaction in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy L.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frouke","family":"Hermens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Ezard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust  Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20102466.2002.tb02562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2803.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.6.1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13506289934920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2010.550389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(80)90019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00151-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2016-0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/apd.2013.21006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(71)90173-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001\u20106918(67)90005\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1332-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804073181402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010021\u201006034\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.2.314"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010004\u20102071\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.3.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"731","article-title":"Timing in turn\u2010taking and its implications for processing models of language","volume":"7","author":"Levinson S.C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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