{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:37:15Z","timestamp":1777516635718,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narrative discourse, or storytelling, is used in daily conversation and requires higher\u2010level language and social communication skills that are not always captured by standardised assessments of language. Many autistic individuals and individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have difficulties with both social communication and language skills, and narrative discourse analysis offers an ecologically relevant approach to assessing those challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated narrative discourse in individuals with autism and FASD, as well as an age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched comparison group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narratives from 45 adolescents and adults, 11 with autism, 11 with FASD and 23 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched comparison participants were elicited using a wordless storybook. They were then transcribed orthographically, formatted to the Systematic Analyses of Language Transcript (SALT) convention and scored based on the SALT Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS), a standardised language analysis protocol. In addition to the NSS total score, which assesses the overall structure and cohesion of the narratives produced, local and global measures of language ability were also employed. The local language measures included the number of mental state and temporal relation terms produced, while the global language measures included mean length of utterance, total different words, total words, total utterances, rate of speech, the number of mazes (e.g., repetitions, \u2018um\u2019, \u2018uh\u2019 or self\u2010corrections) per total word and the NSS total score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the SALT <jats:italic>Language Sample Analysis<\/jats:italic> tool, our results revealed that on global language measures, group differences were found on rate of speech, number of mazes per total words and the description of conflict\/resolution in the narratives produced. The autism group produced significantly more mazes per total word and scored higher on the NSS conflict\/resolution category score compared to the FASD and comparison groups. Both the autism and FASD groups spoke at a lower rate than the comparison group. On local language measures of narrative production, all groups were comparable, on average.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>While many aspects of narrative discourse in the autism and FASD groups were similar to each other and to the comparison group, we observed group differences on global measures of narrative production and significant individual variability within groups, suggesting that narrative abilities considered at an individual level may provide important clinical information for intervention planning. Future research should also consider additional variables that influence narrative discourse, such as motivation, distractibility or decision\u2010making of individual participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Narrative discourse, or storytelling, is used in daily conversational interactions and reveals higher\u2010level language skills that may not be well captured by standardised assessments of language. Many autistic individuals and individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) show difficulty with pragmatic and expressive language skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found that many aspects of the narratives produced by the adolescents\/young adults in the autism and FASD groups were comparable to each other and to the neurotypical group. However, the groups differed on three global measures of narrative production: rate of speech, number of mazes per total words and the description of conflict\/resolution in the narratives produced. Also, significant variability was observed within groups, suggesting that narrative abilities should be considered at an individual level as opposed to their clinical groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study showed that narrative discourse is an appropriate task that can be added to routine clinical assessments of language abilities in autistic adolescents\/young adults as well as those with FASD or typical development and has the potential to reveal higher\u2010level, real\u2010world language skills. An important clinical implication of this study is that narrative language abilities should be considered at an individual level and individual\u2010tailored interventions based on ability level due to the variability observed across individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T11:34:58Z","timestamp":1697628898000},"page":"779-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparing narrative storytelling ability in individuals with autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Linh N. H.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian KC","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"UW Autism Center University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Dager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J. (Astley)","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Pediatrics University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie K.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR\u2010L\u2010RSAUT\u201018\u20100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic guide for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: the 4\u2010digit diagnostic code","author":"Astley S.J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.2008.00775.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"e132","article-title":"Profile of the first 1,400 patients receiving diagnostic evaluations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder at the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic & Prevention Network","volume":"17","author":"Astley S.J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2017.1392861"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2014.977348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010011\u20101388\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010018\u20103628\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361306064416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.2007.01782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000175036.34076.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023)Data & statistics on FASDs.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/fasd\/data.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000018075.77941.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161\u20101461(2007\/012)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"International review of research in mental retardation: language and communication in mental retardation (Vol. 27, pp. 121\u2013150)","author":"Coggins T.E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010007\u20100357\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012\u20101649.40.2.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010005\u20109003\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010006\u20100239\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010021\u201005076\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2317\u20101782\/20172017012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2020.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010018\u20103515\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/158263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35248\/2385\u20104529.19.6.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20104256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010015\u20102620\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265659018780968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2021.2022574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025894213424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423\u2010010\u20100037\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316677957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010020\u201004445\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181d5d03b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Lord C. Rutter M. DiLavore P. Risi S. Gotham K.&Bishop S.(2012)Autism diagnostic observation schedule second edition.Torrance:Western Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024446215446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010014\u20102158\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265659010369991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"Frog, where are you?","author":"Mayer M.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010012\u20101585\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR\u2010H\u201018\u20100359"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"Miller J.F.&Iglesias A.(2020)Systematic analysis of language transcripts (SALT)[Computer software].SALT Software LLC."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"Miller J.F. Andriacchi K.&Ockerts A.(2015)Assessing language production using SALT software: A clinician's guide to language sample analysis(Vol. 2).SALT Software LLC.www.saltsoftware.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.1990.tb01223.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2012.742567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010011\u20101289\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530\u20100277.1998.tb05909.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"Phelps\u2010Terasaki D.&Phelps\u2010Gunn T.(2007)TOPL\u20102: Test of pragmatic language. Pro\u2010Ed Austin TX."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","first-page":"268","article-title":"The language profile of school\u2010aged children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)","volume":"37","author":"Proven S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Speech\u2010Language Pathology & Audiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"e165","article-title":"The impact of an ADHD co\u2010morbidity on the diagnosis of FASD","volume":"17","author":"Rasmussen C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010020\u201004853\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023022709710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723715584227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"Salt Software. (n.d.). SALT resources.Retrieved June 17 2021 fromhttps:\/\/www.saltsoftware.com\/resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2012.727791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010014\u20102042\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010012\u20101452\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400007281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u2010835X.1995.tb00663.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2009\/08\u20100136)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP\u201017\u20100013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP\u201015\u20100124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR\u2010L\u201017\u20100128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2007\/032)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20105834.1994.tb00186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/languages5040037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence\u2013second edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T18:41:09Z","timestamp":1711132869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.12964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.12964","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}