{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:14:23Z","timestamp":1793391263707,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines the effect of a Theory of Mind (ToM) intervention on ToM abilities and social\u2013emotional functioning in adolescents with developmental language disorder (DLD) or who are deaf\/hard of hearing (D\/HH). It emphasizes the importance of self\u2010reflection and measurement for personal growth. The research design incorporates both subjective and objective measures to evaluate the intervention's efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the impact of the ToM intervention on ToM abilities and social\u2013emotional functioning in adolescents with DLD or who are D\/HH. It hypothesizes that participants in the intervention groups will show improved ToM and social\u2013emotional functioning compared with those in the control groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods &amp; Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescents with DLD or who are D\/HH were recruited through collaboration with educational institutions. The study utilized a pre\u2010\/post\u2010test design, assigning participants to either the intervention or the control group. The ToM intervention involved targeted activities to enhance ToM abilities. ToM abilities and social\u2013emotional functioning were assessed using standardized tests and self\u2010report questionnaires. Statistical analyses compared outcomes between the intervention and no intervention groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings reveal subjective improvements in social\u2013emotional functioning among the D\/HH intervention group. However, no significant effects on objective ToM measures were observed. These results highlight the need for further investigation and refinement of interventions in these areas. Future research should focus on improving intervention strategies and exploring additional objective measures to gain a comprehensive understanding of the intervention's impact on ToM and social\u2013emotional functioning in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ToM intervention shows subjective benefits in improving social\u2013emotional functioning among D\/HH adolescents. However, it does not yield significant effects on objective ToM measures. These findings emphasize the ongoing need to refine interventions targeting ToM abilities and social\u2013emotional functioning in this population. Future studies should explore alternative strategies and incorporate additional objective measures to enhance understanding and outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Before this study, it was known that ToM interventions have the potential to enhance ToM abilities. However, the specific effects of such interventions on subjective and objective measures for ToM and social\u2013emotional functioning in adolescents with DLD or who are D\/HH remained unclear, necessitating further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study adds to the existing knowledge by demonstrating subjective improvements in social\u2013emotional functioning among adolescents who are D\/HH and underwent a ToM intervention. However, no significant effects on objective ToM measures were observed. These findings highlight the need for refining interventions and exploring additional measures to better understand the intervention's impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The subjective improvements in social\u2013emotional functioning observed in this study have important clinical implications. They suggest that ToM interventions can positively impact the social well\u2010being of adolescents who are D\/HH. However, the lack of significant effects on objective ToM measures emphasizes the need for further research and intervention refinement to address specific areas of improvement in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.13011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T18:39:30Z","timestamp":1705603170000},"page":"1436-1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing social\u2013emotional functioning in adolescents with developmental language disorder or deaf or hard of hearing through a Theory of Mind intervention"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Dutch Kentalis  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Knoors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Rabeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Vissers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Dutch Kentalis  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885\u20102014(00)00014\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/MED:PSYCH\/9780199777587.003.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22037\/IJCN.V9I3.6890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20100277(85)90022\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010444\u201064150\u20102.00022\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10803\u2010010\u20101121\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AUR.1489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0158753"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2353"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Blom H. 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