{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:08:29Z","timestamp":1782860909436,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with dementia have communication limitations resulting from cognitive impairments that define the syndrome. Whereas there are numerous cognitive assessments for individuals with dementia, there are far fewer communication assessments. The Profiling Communication Ability in Dementia (P\u2010CAD) was developed to address this gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent validity, longitudinal validity and inter\u2010 and intra\u2010rater reliability of the P\u2010CAD in a population of people with dementia and their communication partners.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The P\u2010CAD was administered to 122 people with dementia and their communication partners in Ireland (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0100) and Canada (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022), over a 12\u2010month period. To establish concurrent validity of the P\u2010CAD, scores were compared to scores obtained from existing standardized instruments including the Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory (FLCI), the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination (MMSE\u20102) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Inter\u2010rater reliability and responsiveness (longitudinal validity) were analysed using data from a subgroup of participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes &amp; Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall P\u2010CAD test scores were significantly correlated with FLCI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0122; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.875; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and MMSE\u20102 total scores (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0122; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.857; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Levels of communication support categories on the P\u2010CAD correlated with GDS rankings (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0122; rho\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.539; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and MMSE\u20102 total scores (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0122; rho\u00a0=\u00a00.680, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Inter\u2010rater reliability tested for 20 participants in the Irish sample revealed high levels of agreement between raters in scoring the GDS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.969, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), MMSE\u20102 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.997, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), FLCI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.999, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and P\u2010CAD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020; ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.981, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). To establish longitudinal validity to examine if the P\u2010CAD was responsive to changes in cognitive\u2010communication function over time, 12 participants in the Irish sample repeated all tests 3 months after the initial testing. No statistically significant differences in test scores were found for the 12 participants who completed follow\u2010up measures at this time point in any of the three scales. It was not possible to determine sufficient responsiveness as correlations between the change in P\u2010CAD scores over 3 months were insignificant for both the change in MMSE\u20102 scores (rho\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.130, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.704) and the FLCI scores (rho\u00a0=\u00a00.221, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.513).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions &amp; Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, P\u2010CAD has demonstrated good concurrent validity and inter\u2010rater reliability in samples collected in two countries with English\u2010speaking participants. The P\u2010CAD is appropriate for use to evaluate communication abilities of people with dementia, including during conversational interactions with caregivers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Dementia alters the communication function of the person with dementia and impacts interactions with others. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) provide specific recommendations on communication function and support. However, they have limited access to comprehensive communication assessments to guide intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This validation study has confirmed that Profiling Communication Ability in Dementia (P\u2010CAD) is a valid and reliable tool for SLTs to profile the communication abilities of people with dementia. It identifies the type and levels of communication support required as dementia progresses. The inclusion of communication partners in the study confirms their important role in providing conversation support to people with dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The P\u2010CAD is a clinical resource for dynamic communication assessment, which identifies key areas of retained ability to guide communication support and individualised intervention. It can be used with people at different stages and severity of dementia across a range of clinical settings. The P\u2010CAD summary, which is part of the P\u2010CAD, can be shared with family members and healthcare teams to enhance communication access for the person as dementia progresses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.13153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T14:04:32Z","timestamp":1735567472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Profiling Communication Ability in Dementia: Validation of a new cognitive\u2010communication assessment tool"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanna","family":"Dooley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Columcille's Hospital  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Columcille's Hospital  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Department of Geriatric Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orla","family":"Gilheaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clontarf Hospital  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3924-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Walshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Alberta G.O.(2009)Adult Guardianship and Trusteeship Act.Canada. Available from:https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ab\/laws\/regu\/alta\u2010reg\u2010224\u20102009\/167890\/alta\u2010reg\u2010224\u20102009.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"The Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory","author":"Bayles K.A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2701.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Dooley S.(2020)Profiling Communication Ability in Dementia.Development and Validation of a Functional Cognitive\u2010Communication Assessment. PhD Dissertation Trinity College Dublin fromhttp:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2262\/92953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-023-00908-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Dooley S. Hopper T.&Walshe M.(2022)Profiling Communication Ability in Dementia. Medical Assessment. 2022 Dublin Ireland:O'Brien Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Folstein M.F. Folstein S.E.&McHugh P.(2010)Mini\u2010Mental State Examination: MMSE\u20102.USA:Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Dementia: person\u2010centered assessment and intervention","author":"Hickey E.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1399343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Oireachtas. (2015)Assisted Decision Making (Capacity) Act.Ireland:Department of the Attorney General."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.36.6.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2018.1486373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-023-01301-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"WHO. (2021)Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017\u20132025. In:World Health Organisation."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.8493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190917807.001.0001"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.13153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T10:59:30Z","timestamp":1737802770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.13153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.13153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.13153","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13153"}}