{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:34:25Z","timestamp":1788863665937,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The challenge of assessing all languages of multilingual children by clinicians who do not speak the children's heritage languages is a global problem amplified by the increase in recent migration as well as a lack of available assessment tools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility of using a novel scoring schema to assist English\u2010speaking speech and language therapists (SLTs) practising in Ireland in scoring Polish Sentence\u2010Repetition (SRep) Tasks in collaboration with Polish language teachers, and to profile and compare children's language performance across their languages using this scoring schema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>LITMUS SRep in English and Polish was completed by 15 typically\u2010developing children (aged 5\u20138 years) and 12 children with suspected Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) (aged 5\u20138 years). Scoring of the Polish SRep was completed collaboratively by a monolingual English\u2010speaking SLT and a Polish language teacher and was compared to the scoring completed by Polish linguists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings indicated that the two scoring methods gave comparable outcomes. Individual participants\u2019 performance varied across the Polish and English SRep with some performing better in Polish, some in English and some with a relatively balanced performance across languages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using pre\u2010recorded sentences in conjunction with the novel scoring schema presented in this study has the potential to support SLTs to increase accuracy in diagnosing DLD and reduce both over\u2010 and underdiagnosis of multilingual children. Scoring guidelines need to incorporate crosslinguistic influence across languages of bilingual children while clearly outlining language specific clinical markers for DLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Assessment of multilingual children's language skills and diagnosing Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is extremely complex due to the heterogeneity associated with their language development. In Ireland, SLTs are largely monolingual English speakers and assessment of heritage languages (HL) is difficult due to a lack of available assessment tools and an increase in the number of languages spoken due to migration. Therefore, investigating ways of multilingual language assessment by monolingual English\u2010speaking clinicians is crucial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Language processing tasks have demonstrated their utility and accuracy for language assessment in the research. This is the first study to use Sentence\u2010Repetition (SRep) Tasks for both languages of Polish\u2010English speaking children living in Ireland in which the researcher is a monolingual English\u2010speaking SLT and the SRep Tasks are scored using a novel scoring schema with the assistance of a Polish language teacher.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>SRep Tasks demonstrate the potential to assist in the assessment and diagnosis of DLD in the Polish\u2010English speaking population in Ireland by English\u2010speaking therapists in collaboration with a Polish language speaker. In this way, both the dominant societal language English and the HL Polish can be assessed to increase the accuracy of diagnosis of DLD. This study contributes towards the development of a SRep tool for use clinically by SLTs in Ireland. Further research is needed to create error profiles reflective of the specific Polish\u2010English speaking population in Ireland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T21:36:46Z","timestamp":1740001006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Language assessment of Polish\u2010English bilingual children by speech and language therapists who do not speak Polish: A feasibility study of a novel scoring schema for Sentence\u2010Repetition\u2010Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4149-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saoirse","family":"Lally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Speech and Language Therapy School of Health Sciences University of Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Banasik\u2010Jemielniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology The Maria Grzegorzewska University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1615-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Haman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislava","family":"Antonijevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Speech and Language Therapy School of Health Sciences University of Galway  Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association. (2004)Knowledge and skills needed by speech\u2010language pathologists and audiologists to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services. [online] Available:www.asha.org\/policy[accessed 21 February 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ACS\u2010220001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"259","volume-title":"The handbook of clinical linguistics","author":"Antonijevic A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15026.ant"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2019.1637458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783093137-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Banasik N. Haman E.&Smoczy\u0144ska M.(2012)Zadanie Powtarzania Zda\u0144. Wersja polska. [sentence repetition task. polish version]. Faculty of Psychology. [Unpublished]. University of Warsaw."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16149"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP\u201019\u201000179"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Summary results","author":"Central Statistics Office","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_PERSP\u201022\u201000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728922000359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000923000107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100042\u20101743575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Irish Association of Speech and Language Therapists (IASLT). (2016)Guidelines for speech and language therapists working with linguistically diverse service users. [online] Available:https:\/\/www.iaslt.ie\/[accessed 22 February 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Lally S. Lyons R. &Antonijevic S.(2024)Attitudes perspectives and practices of Speech and Language Therapists in the Republic of Ireland when assessing multilingual children. [Manuscript submitted for publication]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_PERSP\u201019\u201000115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2018.1513073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Methods for assessing multilingual children: Disentangling bilingualism from language impairment","author":"Marinis T.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000923000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006915609240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000922000708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Dual language development and disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning","author":"Paradis J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525740120915205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"Pert S.&Bradley B.(2018)Clinical guidelines for speech and language therapists: bilingualism: working with bilingual clients\/patients with speech language and communication needs. [online] Available:https:\/\/www.rcslt.org\/clinical_resources\/bilingualism\/bilingualism_overview[accessed 21 February 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT). (2007)Good practice for speech and language therapists working with clients from linguistic minority communities. (London: RCSLT)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265659015591634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495565"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000533139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21832\/9781783093137-013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"The unserved addressing communication disorders in unserved and underserved populations","author":"Verdon S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2024.2322646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR\u201023\u201000490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728924000099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals\u2013fifth edition (CELF\u20105)","author":"Wiig E. H.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T06:23:16Z","timestamp":1748845396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.70005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-2822","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-6984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70005"}}