{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:56:31Z","timestamp":1754153791831,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor intelligibility is common in young children with developmental language disorders (DLDs). Relatedly, children with DLD and poor intelligibility, like children with DLD solely, have often also difficulties in other aspects of language abilities: such as making grammatical and cohesive sentences and telling narratives with an adequate plot structure. However, relatively few studies examined the relation between speech production, narrative cohesion, and narrative coherence in one and the same design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research was conducted to investigate the relation between speech production, narrative cohesion, and narrative coherence in children with DLDs and poor intelligibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and forty\u2010nine 4\u2010to\u20106\u2010year\u2010old children with DLD and poor intelligibility who were referred for special treatment to improve their speech production, were included in this study. Speech and language assessments were conducted at the start of the treatment, and the results of these assessments were used in the current study. For speech production, spontaneous language was analysed to derive measures for the production of consonants, vowels, and word structure. Additionally, a measure of nonword repetition was used. For narrative production, the Frog Story Test was used, resulting in a measure of narrative cohesion (sentence production) and a measure of narrative coherence (plot structure). Effects of hearing and chronological age on speech and language production were controlled for in the analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mediation analysis demonstrated that there was no direct effect of speech production on narrative coherence but the indirect effect was significant. The relation between speech production and narrative coherence was fully mediated by narrative cohesion, also when controlling for age and hearing capacity. Significant effects were also found for the relation between speech production and narrative cohesion and between narrative cohesion and narrative coherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms that the relation between speech production and narrative coherence in children with DLD and poor intelligibility is fully mediated by children's narrative cohesion performance. For clinical practice, these results show the importance of fostering both speech and language production capacities in strengthening the narrative performance of these children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and poor intelligibility show difficulties in both speech production and in narrative production. More precisely, they often show problems in making sentences and in generating a coherent story. The occurrence of problems both at the sentence level and at the plot structure level has been subject to several studies in children with poor intelligibility with and without additional diagnosis of DLD. However, it is not clear how and if speech production is related to narrative abilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between speech production and narrative production. The results reveal an indirect relationship between speech production and narrative coherence in children with DLD and poor intelligibility. These children are hampered in telling coherent stories because their speech production problems result in poor word structures, partly used to form cohesive sentences. Using sentences with sufficient cohesion is a necessary condition for realising a coherent story. Speech analysis of spontaneous language results in a varied set of daily used words in sentences and might thus best reflect a child's capacity in speech production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results of this research suggest the importance of assessing narrative skills in children with DLD and poor intelligibility because these children experience both problems at the level of narrative cohesion as on narrative coherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T06:10:21Z","timestamp":1748671821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Speech Production Affects Narrative Production in 4\u2010 to 6\u2010Year\u2010Old Children With Developmental Language Disorder and Poor Intelligibility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8329-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies E.","family":"Bron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Research department Royal Kentalis Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette R.","family":"Scheper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Research department Royal Kentalis Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margriet A.","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Lancaster University Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludo T. W.","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research department Royal Kentalis Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021\u20109924(03)00019\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.51.6.1173"},{"volume-title":"Studies in Language and Language Use","year":"1995","author":"Beers M.","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2019.1596163"},{"volume-title":"Relating Events in Narrative: a Crosslinguistic Developmental Study","year":"1994","author":"Berman R.","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/wll.5.1.02ber"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203773512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151004X20685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Blankenstijn C. andA.Scheper.2003. \u201cLanguage Development in Children with Psychiatric Impairment.\u201d PhD diss. University of Amsterdam LOT 82."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820310001625589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_jslhr\u201022\u201000615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2011\/10\u20100247)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Understanding Developmental Language Disorders: from Theory to Practice","author":"Conti\u2010Ramsden G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000108338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20106984.2012.00164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12635"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2017.1293159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12663"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation and Conditional Process Analysis. A Regression\u2010Based Approach","year":"2022","author":"Hayes A. F.","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2018.1518487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Hunt K. W.1965.Grammatical Structures Written at Three Grade Levels. Research Report No. 3. National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0305000902005275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415211004109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Jong J. d.1997. \u201cSpecific Language Impairment in Dutch. Inflectional Morphology and Argument Structure.\u201dUniversity of Groningen."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Stem\u2010, Spraak\u2010, en Taalpathologie","author":"Lam\u2010de Waal N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9152.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6393.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500802676859"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP\u201017\u20100100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2011\/10\u20100130)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aud.0000000000000802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3502.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2005\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2013.790479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136820310000108133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.5.1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163548"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525740109353937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2011\/10\u20100263)"},{"volume-title":"Handleiding Frog Story Test. Diagnostiek van vertelvaardigheden voor kinderen met TOS van 4\u201010 jaar","year":"2013","author":"Scheper A.","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1"},{"volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2010III\u2010NL","year":"2005","author":"Schlichting J.E.P.T.","key":"e_1_2_9_50_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4004.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269920031000138169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4703.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4206.1461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12989"},{"volume-title":"Snijders\u2010Oomen Niet\u2010verbale Intelligentietest 2 1\/2\u20137","year":"2013","author":"Tellegen P.","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1"},{"volume-title":"Snijders\u2010Oomen Niet\u2010verbale Inteligentietest 2\u20138","year":"2017","author":"Tellegen P.","key":"e_1_2_9_58_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000499426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aud.0000000000000219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1344\/LSC\u20102020.18.4"},{"volume-title":"De STAP\u2010handleiding: STAP Instrument Gebaseerd op Spontane Taalanalyse Procedure","year":"1994","author":"Van den Dungen L.","key":"e_1_2_9_62_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460\u20106984.12575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","unstructured":"Venekamp R. R.Damoiseaux A.Schoch et\u00a0al.2014.NHG\u2010Standaard Otitis media met effusie bij kinderen (derde herziening) March 30 2023.Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","unstructured":"VZinfo.nl.2023. \u201cSocioeconomic Statue.\u201d Published March 10 2023.https:\/\/www.vzinfo.nl\/sociaaleconomische\u2010status\/opleiding."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161\u20101461(2011\/10\u20100038)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR\u2010S\u201014\u20100282"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Language &amp; Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T13:31:47Z","timestamp":1753277507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1460-6984.70059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1460-6984.70059","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-2822","1460-6984"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1368-2822"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-6984"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70059"}}