{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:33:05Z","timestamp":1791221585535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As highlighted by research on typically developing children, various biases exist when evaluating bilingual children's abilities. These biases can lead to inequitable assessment of language and cognitive abilities\u2014potentially over\u2010 or underestimating bilinguals\u2019 skills. Recent reviews on neurodivergent bilingual children alluded to the possibility that these biases are also present in clinical research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines bilingual neurodiversity research in children through the lens of equity, diversity, and inclusion. Specifically, it evaluates potential biases in recent studies to determine whether linguistic and cognitive abilities are assessed equitably, identify the types of linguistic and neurodiverse experiences represented in research, and examine the roles bilingual individuals play in research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an abbreviated systematic review with a multi\u2010pronged search of databases and a manual search for quantitative studies on linguistic and cognitive abilities with bilingual neurodivergent children. The Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist was adapted for risk of bias assessment. Data was extracted and analysed from 95 studies, including study methods, bilingualism\u2010related information (e.g., age of acquisition, language history tools, socioeconomic status), outcomes of interest (language, cognition), tasks (e.g., domain, name), and the main results or conclusions of each article.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that equitable bilingual assessment of language and cognition was highly affected by the lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate tools. Most studies used case\u2010control designs, contrasting neurodivergent bilinguals with monolingual or typically developing peers, which promotes a deficit\u2010based monolingual\u2010centred view in bilingual neurodiversity research. We also identified persistent challenges in defining and measuring bilingualism that complicate cross\u2010comparison across studies and conditions. Research focus remained largely on developmental language disorder (DLD;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29) given their language symptomology, while acquired disorders are understudied. Additionally, there is a lack of community\u2010based research that could offer more inclusive methods by involving bilingual communities throughout the research process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review emphasizes the need to adopt equitable and inclusive research practices to better understand and support neurodivergent bilingual children. Future research should embrace a nuanced understanding of bilingualism and neurodiversity, prioritizing inclusive methodologies as well as holistic assessments using culturally and linguistically appropriate tools to avoid misdiagnoses and ensure fair clinical evaluations of language and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Prior research has demonstrated that neurotypical bilingual children are often compared to monolingual norms, which can introduce biases and result in mischaracterization of bilingual abilities. Monolingually normed assessments are inequitable for use with bilingual children.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This review examines biases in recent research on neurodivergent bilingual children, focusing on the assessment of cognitive and language abilities\u2014skills also often evaluated by clinicians, including speech\u2010language pathologists.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This review integrates a structured EDI framework to contextualise research on neurodiversity for clinicians and researchers. It highlights the need to implement holistic and culturally appropriate assessment methods for all bilingual children that can lead to more equitable evaluations and help to better support tailored interventions and inclusive clinical and research practices.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T12:45:08Z","timestamp":1753447508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining Neurodiversity in Bilingual Development Research: Recent Insights Through an Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Lens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai Ian","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.846111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA School\u2010Age Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654310368803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2021.2000644"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association. n.d. \u201cMultilingual Service Delivery in Audiology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology [Practice Portal].\u201d Practice Portal. 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