{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T13:09:00Z","timestamp":1769778540969,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine baseline and longitudinal differences of self\u2010reported dysarthria and dysphagia in the most common genetic subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) using the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective, longitudinal study utilizing data from the PPMI dataset. Dysarthria\u2010 and dysphagia\u2010specific questions from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Scales of Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease\u2010Autonomic questionnaire (SCOPA\u2010AUT) were extracted for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) with leucine\u2010rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2), GBA, and SNCA genotypes across up to five research visits. Relevant patient (age, sex, etc.) and disease (severity, phenotype, medication, etc.) data were extracted along with scores from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to analyse longitudinal data between genotypes, as well as to examine the interaction effects between genotypes and tremor dominant (TD) or postural instability\/gait determinant (PIGD) phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 211 PwPD met inclusion criteria at their baseline visit (LRRK2\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 115, GBA\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 68, SNCA\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15). LMMs displayed significant differences in genotypes longitudinally, with significant differences between LRRK2, GBA, and SNCA genotypes at multiple time points in dysarthria and dysphagia self\u2010reports. LRRK2\u2010genotyped participants routinely self\u2010reported lower dysarthria (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and dysphagia severity for UPDRS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and SCOPA\u2010AUT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007) questions. SNCA\u2010genotyped participants self\u2010reported the most severe dysarthria (\n                      <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.002) and dysphagia symptoms for UPDRS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and SCOPA\u2010AUT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) over time. There were no differences between genotypes at baseline, and no effects of motor phenotype at any time point.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was the first study to examine longitudinally how genotypes in PD specifically impact self\u2010reported dysarthria and dysphagia severity. Findings from our study suggest different genotypes of PD affect the degree of self\u2010reporting dysarthria and dysphagia severity. Specifically, LRRK2 genotypes self\u2010reported lower dysarthria and dysphagia severity, while SNCA genotypes self\u2010reported the most severe dysarthria and dysphagia of this sample. Importantly, SNCA genotypes self\u2010report a faster increase in severity over time compared to other genotypes. Substantially more work is needed to investigate the underlying physiological differences manifesting in dysarthria and dysphagia in different genotypes of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Limited evidence is available regarding the effects that different genotypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) have on speech, voice, and swallowing. Current evidence suggests differences in voice acoustic signals between idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's, but with no other evidence in other domains such as swallowing. Additionally, there is no current data on how different genotypes perceive or report speech, voice, or swallowing impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What this study adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study adds novel, preliminary evidence from a large open\u2010source dataset that different genotypes of PD may report differential impairment in speech, voice, and swallowing. Importantly, the progression of reported dysarthria and dysphagia over time interacts with these genotypes, suggesting different genotypes experience differential impairment in dysarthria and dysphagia as time goes on. Specifically, SNCA\u2010genotyped people with PD may report significantly greater dysarthria and dysphagia than other genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications for this study?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Clinically, this study highlights how different genotypes of PD experience dysarthria and dysphagia over the course of their disease and provides potentially relevant timelines of when these impairments reach clinically meaningful thresholds. As an example, baseline reports of dysarthria and dysphagia were similar and remained stable up to the third year of reports, where significant differences between genotypes began to emerge. This may provide clinicians with useful information regarding when to expect dysarthria and dysphagia in genotypic PD to manifest and when to best initiate additional assessment and treatment based on patient information.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T13:25:14Z","timestamp":1758201914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Genotype on Self\u2010Reported Dysarthria and Dysphagia in Parkinson's Disease: A Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Dumican","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Western Michigan University  Kalamazoo Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Reyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Western Michigan University  Kalamazoo Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyson","family":"Malczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Western Michigan University  Kalamazoo Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Thijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders and Occupational Therapy University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD\u2010181389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2018.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2024.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumican M. 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