{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:38:08Z","timestamp":1772159888191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which ecological factors (e.g., COVID\u2010related caregiver stress and parental warmth) were related to the receptive language skills of children with language impairment (LI) during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010five children with LI receiving speech therapy within US public schools and their families participated in this study. Standardised tests of receptive language were administered to measure children's language. Caregiver questionnaires were used to collect data on familial household experiences, parental stress, and parental warmth during the COVID\u201019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with LI and their families experienced a range of adversities during the global pandemic. The frequency of experienced adversities positively correlated with COVID\u2010related caregiver stress levels. Regression analysis revealed that the average level of COVID\u2010related caregiver stress was the strongest predictor of child receptive language. Finally, parental warmth was found to marginally moderate the association between COVID\u2010related caregiver stress and receptive language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings illustrate the importance of ecological factors, namely COVID\u2010related caregiver stress, on the receptive language skills of children with LI, particularly during times of crisis. We provide three specific considerations for future inclusive emergency response plans and current policy, particularly relevant to families of children with developmental disabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on the subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Ecological factors are well\u2010documented to have an impact on child development and learning. Few studies have examined the role of environmental mechanisms, particularly caregiver stress, as they relate to children's language outcomes for children with developmental disabilities. COVID\u201019 offered an opportunity to examine the influence of caregiver stress on child development, including receptive language outcomes, of which impacts are ongoing.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study demonstrated that caregivers of children with language impairment experienced variability in parental stress related to COVID\u201019. Furthermore, COVID\u201019\u2010related parental stress was significantly positively correlated with children's receptive language. However, parental warmth may be a protective mechanism for children with language impairment during times of high parental stress.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Implications and recommendations for future emergency response and current policy based on these findings are provided. Specifically, we explore familial protective factors, such as social support and access to resources.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Caregivers of children with language impairment experienced variability in parental stress related to COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>COVID\u201019\u2010related parental stress was significantly positively correlated with children's receptive language.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Parental Warmth may be a protective mechanism for children with language impairment during times of high parental stress.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T02:49:20Z","timestamp":1760582960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impacts of Caregiver Stress on the Receptive Language Skills of Children With Language Impairment During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2011-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie","family":"Hutchins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language, and Hearing Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Eastern Washington University  Cheney Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonali","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language, and Hearing Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences University of Missouri  Columbia Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4695-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherine","family":"Tambyraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Education and Workforce  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Beth","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language, and Hearing Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.626456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w32609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.557751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23328584211058471"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1750"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05383-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2022.00733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414566681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajop.12027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"Brugger L. 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