{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:35:13Z","timestamp":1793201713102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent research indicates that bilingualism does not exacerbate the language learning difficulties commonly seen in children with down syndrome (DS). However, misconceptions persist about its potential negative impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the attitudes, perceptions and experiences of bilingual parents or guardians raising children with DS, focusing on challenges, strategies, and professional advice received. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore this topic specifically within this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010seven parents participated in an online survey exploring these factors using both quantitative and qualitative responses. A significant majority of participants (87.72%) had chosen to raise their children bilingually, motivated by cultural heritage, community support and perceived cognitive benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, parental attitudes toward bilingualism were positive. Many reported receiving supportive information yet concerns and a lack of professional support were prevalent. Challenges included a shortage of bilingual therapists, inadequate educational provisions, and insufficient tailored information on bilingualism. Professional advice varied substantially. Speech and language therapists generally provided positive advice, while social workers, health visitors, and psychologists offered mixed recommendations. Nursery and school practitioners often exhibited uncertainty about bilingualism, contributing to parental concerns. Despite this, children with DS exposed to multiple languages were observed to be acquiring both languages with expected language patterns observed. Just over half (52%) of the families had concerns about raising their child bilingually, primarily about the difficulty of learning two languages, lack of support, and concerns around confusion. Crucially, those receiving positive professional advice were more likely to continue promoting bilingualism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the need for consistent, evidence\u2010based support for families raising bilingual children with DS. Improved professional training and resources are needed to ensure children with DS can receive equitable access to bilingualism and are able to thrive in bilingual environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Research indicates that bilingualism does not hinder language development in children with down syndrome (DS), whilst research into bilingualism highlights possible cognitive and social benefits. Studies show that whilst raising bilingual children, maintaining both languages supports cultural identity and engagement. Research into the advice given to parents of children with developmental disorders in general suggest that parents may receive inconsistent advice from professionals, leading to uncertainty about bilingual development. However, to date little literature has explored this within the context of DS and studies exploring parents\u2019 experiences specifically has gained little attention.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study highlights how a child's diagnosis influences parental decisions about bilingualism, often leading to uncertainty and a lack of support. Many parents hope bilingualism will enhance their child's communication and access to a variety of opportunities, yet they frequently receive no or conflicting guidance. However, parents of younger children report more positive advice, indicating a potential shift in professional perceptions. Crucially, the advice parents receive directly impacts their decisions on language use. These findings emphasise the need for clear, evidence\u2010based professional guidance to support bilingual families, ensuring consistency in recommendations across professional groups and providing confidence in understanding bilingual development for children with DS.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this study?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In the UK, the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) recognise that bilingualism does not cause speech or language disorders and should be actively supported. Professionals are encouraged to advise families to maintain home language use, fostering communication with families, encouraging social development, and cultural identity. However, in this study parental reports reveal inconsistencies in advice, across practitioner groups with many receiving mixed or no guidance. This highlights gaps in the understanding of bilingualism in DS and the need for further guidelines, especially for GPs and paediatricians. Further research is needed to explore professionals' perspectives and improve bilingual support for children with DS as well as longitudinal studies and research within different contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T11:20:18Z","timestamp":1762600818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Attitudes Towards Bilingualism: Insights From Parents of Children With Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of South Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloi","family":"Puig\u2010Mayenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Communication and Society King's College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20106984.2011.00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curdt\u2010Christiansen X. 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