{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:18:23Z","timestamp":1787843903936,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1116976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1116976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1160893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1160893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents of children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe speech sound disorder presenting to clinic want to understand prognosis for their child; however, there is unclear evidence as to the specific long\u2010term speech outcomes in this group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review long\u2010term speech outcomes in children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe speech sound disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review identified 3697 papers; 21 papers containing 15 unique studies (six had overlapping data) met inclusion criteria for moderate\u2010to\u2010severe speech sound disorder with at least one follow\u2010up speech assessment unrelated to intervention outcomes. Studies were appraised for quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 9 cohort studies, and 6 case studies of children aged 2y3m\u2010to\u201011y9m at initial assessment were included. Most (11\/15) had two\u2010to\u2010three follow\u2010up time points, and 80% (12\/15) specified speech diagnosis or subtype. The most prominent moderate\u2010to\u2010severe speech diagnosis that reached criteria for inclusion was Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Speech outcomes reported in case studies included word (7\/15), syllable (7\/15), consonant (11\/15), and vowel (5\/15) accuracy, phonological patterns (9\/15), prosody (2\/15), consistency (1\/15), and intelligibility (2\/15). Case studies revealed reduced error frequency and improved single\u2010word accuracy and intelligibility, but persistent error types over time (e.g. token\u2010to\u2010token inconsistency). Cohort studies mostly reported on overall gross improvement, such as \u2018resolved\u2019 or \u2018persistent\u2019 disorder; however, the severity of the \u2018persistent\u2019 subgroup was not delineated. Study quality was generally good, with limitations mostly related to confounding factors such as influence of therapy, or poor or absent specification of the specific speech subtype at time zero.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While case studies indicated reduced error frequency over time, larger\u2010scale data are needed to confirm findings. In the current context of health service demands for speech therapy, longitudinal speech outcome data, measuring meaningful speech outcomes are critically needed to identify predictors of longer\u2010term outcomes and inform prioritisation for treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known about this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Despite mounting evidence on the prognosis and history of mild\u2010to\u2010moderate speech and language disorder, longitudinal cohort studies of children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe speech sound disorders are rare. This gap is notable given emerging data that severe speech sound disorders are more pervasive and pose greater risk to academic achievement and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                      <jats:italic>What this paper adds to existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>There are no larger cohort studies with clear granular data from which to draw conclusions. Longitudinal case studies show reduced error frequency but persistent error type in children and adolescents with childhood apraxia of speech. There are no cohort studies addressing longitudinal data for other severe speech sound disorders, such as dysarthria or fluency disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Longitudinal prospective data, with a pre\u2010established goal to systematically evaluate speech outcomes over time in a severe speech cohort, are critically needed to identify accurate predictors of longer\u2010term outcomes and inform treatment prioritisation for children with severe speech sound disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T05:09:53Z","timestamp":1775452193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long\u2010Term Speech Outcomes in Moderate\u2010to\u2010Severe Childhood Speech Sound Disorder: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0024-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sermin","family":"Tukel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Izmir University of Economics  Izmir Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela T.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne  Parkville Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association (ASHA).2007.Childhood Apraxia of Speech [position statement].American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"The Edinburgh Articulation Test","author":"Anthony A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"American Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Association.2007.Childhood Apraxia of Speech.http:\/\/www.asha.org\/policy\/PS2007\u201000277\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200101000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis Without Meta\u2010Analysis (SWiM) in Systematic Reviews: Reporting Guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Cheung P. 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