{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:18:33Z","timestamp":1789042713999,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United Kingdom, cleft care is provided across 14 regional NHS cleft units. Although all units assess speech at age 3, no speech assessments have been designed specifically for 3\u2010year\u2010old children with cleft palate\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0cleft lip (CP\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0L). Existing speech samples for older children are often too complex for this age group, while generalised samples may contain an excessive number of nasal consonants, influencing listener judgements of resonance and nasal airflow. The lack of a standardised assessment for 3\u2010year\u2010olds prevents meaningful comparisons of speech outcomes across UK cleft units before age5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper describes the first stage in developing a valid and reliable speech assessment protocol for 3\u2010year\u2010old children with non\u2010syndromic CP\u00b1L. This stage involved creating and piloting the West Midlands Assessment of Speech\u2013Preschool (WAS\u2010P) speech samples with 3\u2010year\u2010olds both with and without CP\u00b1L. The study aimed to: (1) design age\u2010appropriate speech samples that assess speech parameters associated with CP\u00b1L, suitable for both routine clinical assessment and the evaluation of speech outcomes. (2) evaluate the completion rates and clinical usability of these speech samples, including the views of speech and language therapists (SLTs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two English\u2010language speech samples were developed, considering linguistic, lexical, and practical factors. Sample A combined spontaneous speech with single\u2010word picture naming (59 words, including a cross\u2010linguistic sample), while Sample B involved the repetition of 24 short sentences. The speech samples were piloted with 20 children with non\u2010syndromic CP\u00b1L and five children without CP\u00b1L. Completion rates and completion times were recorded. Seven cleft\u2010specialist SLTs analysed video recordings of the sessions and provided feedback on acceptability and usability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All children without CP\u00b1L completed both speech samples, compared to a 70% completion rate among children with CP\u00b1L. More children with CP\u00b1L attempted the single\u2010word picture\u2010naming task than the sentence\u2010repetition task, even if they did not complete it fully. The duration of the sentence\u2010repetition sample was completed in significantly less time than the spontaneous speech and single\u2010word naming sample. SLTs reported that the 3\u2010year\u2010olds were generally well engaged and indicated that both samples would be suitable for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first stage of developing the WAS\u2010P speech samples demonstrates the feasibility of standardising speech assessments for 3\u2010year\u2010old children in the UK. Both samples were considered appropriate for use with 3\u2010year\u2010old children with non\u2010syndromic CP\u00b1L, balancing ease of administration with clinical usefulness. These speech samples have now been incorporated into a further research study to establish a standardised protocol for evaluating speech outcomes at age three in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Although all UK NHS cleft units assess speech at age 3, there is no single standardised speech sample used, and no speech sample has been specifically designed for 3\u2010year\u2010olds with CP\u00b1L in the UK. The development of tailored speech samples for this population would facilitate cross\u2010unit comparisons of speech outcomes in UK cleft units.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What this paper adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study introduces the West Midlands Assessment of Speech\u2010Preschool (WAS\u2010P), comprised of two newly developed speech samples specifically designed to assess speech in 3\u2010year\u2010olds with CP\u00b1L. It demonstrates the integration of existing speech samples\u2014originally intended for cross\u2010linguistic assessments\u2014into these newly designed samples, thereby enhancing the capacity for speech outcome comparisons across different languages. Additionally, the study underscores the critical role of linguistic, lexical, and practical\/pragmatic factors, alongside feedback from SLTs, in informing the development of effective speech samples for this age group.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The development and piloting of the WAS\u2010P for 3\u2010year\u2010olds with CP\u00b1L offers a significant advancement in the standardisation of speech assessments across UK cleft units. These new speech samples could facilitate consistent speech assessments at age 3, enabling the comparison of speech outcomes across different clinical settings. Additionally, the inclusion of a restricted word list for cross\u2010linguistic assessments opens the possibility for international comparisons of speech outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:14:59Z","timestamp":1780474499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Testing of the West Midlands Assessment of Speech\u2010Preschool (WAS\u2010P) for 3\u2010Year\u2010Olds With Cleft Palate \u00b1 Cleft Lip"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"Speech and Language Therapy Department Birmingham Children's Hospital  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Coad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"UK Faculty of Health and Life Sciences School of Health Sciences Nottingham University  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Sell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly at the Centre for Outcomes and Experience Research in Children's Health, Illness and Disability Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7003-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Rihtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"Oxford Brookes University  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Bates S. andJ.Titterington.2021.Good Practice Guidelines For the Analysis of Child Speech. 2nd ed. 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