{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:15:04Z","timestamp":1790162104450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang &amp;amp; Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition associated with long\u2010term cognitive, academic, and psychosocial consequences. Early identification is critical for timely intervention, yet predictive frameworks within German\u2010speaking contexts remain limited. Parent\u2010report questionnaires such as the FRAKIS\u2010K and SBE\u20102\u2010KT are widely used in the German paediatric U7 check\u2010up for two\u2010year\u2010olds, but their predictive validity for DLD has not been systematically evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed the predictive validity of the FRAKIS\u2010K and SBE\u20102\u2010KT administered at age two for identifying risk for DLD at age four. A secondary objective was to test whether adjusting the screening cut\u2010off values could enhance predictive accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community sample of 500 families in Hanover, Germany, was contacted through the city register; 186 children (mean age = 2;0) participated at the first assessment. At age four (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 145), expressive vocabulary and grammar were measured using the Potsdam\u2010Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (P\u2010ITPA). Children scoring \u2264 \u20131.5 SD on P\u2010ITPA subtests were classified as having language impairment consistent with risk for DLD. Predictive validity indices\u2014sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, relative improvement over chance (RIOC), and area under the curve (AUC)\u2014were calculated for both parent\u2010report tools. ROC analysis was applied to explore optimal cut\u2010off adjustments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prevalence of language impairment at age four was 5.5%. The SBE\u20102\u2010KT showed moderate predictive power (\n                      <jats:italic>AUC<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.85;\n                      <jats:italic>RIOC<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.51), with sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 89%. The FRAKIS\u2010K vocabulary alone performed similarly (\n                      <jats:italic>AUC<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.83;\n                      <jats:italic>RIOC<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.58), achieving sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 91%, while including grammar criteria reduced predictive validity. ROC analysis indicated improved sensitivity (up to 71%) with minimal specificity loss when adjusting cut\u2010offs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both FRAKIS\u2010K vocabulary and SBE\u20102\u2010KT demonstrate adequate predictive validity for identifying risk of DLD at age two within the German U7 screening context. They function effectively as first\u2010tier tools to rule out children not at risk, though positive screens should be followed by comprehensive assessments. The study's longitudinal design and evaluation of clinically relevant screening instruments using multiple predictive validity indices strengthen the findings. While refining vocabulary\u2010based cut\u2010offs may improve early detection, the small number of children with language impairment in the sample limits the generalizability of optimization suggestions, highlighting the need for further research in larger clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Parent\u2010report questionnaires are commonly used for early language screening, but their predictive validity for DLD is often limited. In German\u2010speaking contexts, evidence on the predictive accuracy of brief tools such as FRAKIS\u2010K and SBE\u20102\u2010KT is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                      <jats:italic>What this study adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This longitudinal study shows that both FRAKIS\u2010K (vocabulary component) and SBE\u20102\u2010KT at age two moderately predict outcomes of language impairment at age four. Adjusting the screening cut\u2010offs increased sensitivity while maintaining acceptable specificity, indicating that predictive validity may be improved through threshold refinement. However, as the sample included few children with risk for DLD, recommendations for optimizing these tools should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                      <jats:italic>What are the potential or actual clinical implications for this work?<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>FRAKIS\u2010K vocabulary and SBE\u20102\u2010KT can be used as first\u2010tier screening instruments during the U7 paediatric check\u2010up in Germany. Using adjusted cut\u2010offs may enhance early identification of children at risk for DLD, supporting earlier referral and intervention, though further validation in larger samples is required.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:16:23Z","timestamp":1785903383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Screening for Developmental Language Disorder: Predictive Validity of German Parent Reports"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6143-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eveline","family":"Pinstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inclusive Education University of Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyam Antonio","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inclusive Education University of Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany).2022.Therapie von Sprachentwicklungsst\u00f6rungen. 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