{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:59:19Z","timestamp":1790416759074,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Lang & Comm Disor"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) constitute a heterogeneous population, with speech difficulties arising from different loci within the speech processing system. Speech perception has long been implicated in SSD; however, previous findings remain mixed, partly due to differences in task demands and limited consideration of SSD subtypes. In particular, few studies have systematically examined speech perception across multiple contrast types that are explicitly structured around common developmental error patterns and across clinically defined SSD subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to: (a) compare speech perception performance between children with SSD and typically developing (TD) peers across different phonological contrast types, and (b) examine whether children with articulation disorder, phonological delay, and phonological disorder exhibit distinct perceptual profiles that reflect subtype\u2010specific characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Fifty\u2010two Korean\u2010speaking children aged 5\u20136 years participated (26 SSD; 26 TD). Speech perception was assessed using a minimal\u2010pair identification task incorporating four substitution patterns frequently observed in Korean\u2010speaking children: velar fronting, fricative stopping, affricate stopping, and affrication. Children with SSD were further classified into articulation disorder, phonological delay, and phonological disorder subgroups based on their surface error patterns. Group differences were analyzed in terms of overall accuracy and contrast\u2010specific performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Children with SSD performed significantly below TD peers on the speech perception task. Across both groups, velar fronting contrasts were the most challenging, whereas contrasts involving manner differences were identified more accurately. Within the SSD group, subgroup comparisons did not reach significance for overall accuracy or for most contrast types; however, a descriptive trend was observed whereby children with articulation disorder showed numerically higher accuracy than children with phonological delay and phonological disorder. A significant subgroup difference emerged specifically for the affricate stopping contrast, with children in the phonological disorder subgroup showing significantly lower accuracy than those in the articulation disorder subgroup.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings indicate that speech perception difficulties in SSD are contrast\u2010dependent and preliminary evidence suggests that perceptual vulnerability for certain contrasts (specifically affricate stopping) may differ across SSD subtypes. Rather than reflecting a uniform perceptual deficit, perceptual vulnerability in SSD appears to be most pronounced for contrasts associated with common substitution patterns, with subtype\u2010related differences observed for this specific contrast rather than uniformly across all contrasts tested.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS<\/jats:title>\n \n What is already known on this subject<\/jats:italic>\n \n \n Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) often demonstrate poorer speech perception than their typically developing peers, although findings across studies have been inconsistent. Prior research suggests that perceptual weaknesses in SSD may depend on task characteristics and the phonemic contrasts examined, with some evidence pointing to sound\u2010specific difficulties aligned with children's production errors. In addition, SSD is a heterogeneous condition comprising distinct subtypes, such as articulation disorder, phonological delay, and phonological disorder, which differ in surface error patterns and underlying speech processing profiles. However, few studies have examined speech perception across SSD subtypes using contrasts that directly reflect common developmental substitution patterns, particularly in Korean\u2010speaking children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n What this study adds to the existing knowledge<\/jats:italic>\n \n \n This study demonstrates that speech perception difficulties in SSD are contrast\u2010dependent rather than uniform and vary meaningfully across SSD subtypes. Using a minimal\u2010pair identification task grounded in developmentally relevant Korean phonological contrasts, the findings show that children with articulation disorder exhibit relatively preserved perceptual sensitivity, whereas children with phonological delay and phonological disorder show reduced performance, with the weakest perception observed in phonological disorder. Importantly, subtype\u2010related differences were evident even at the level of speech perception, extending previous Korean research that has focused primarily on downstream phonological processing measures. These results provide evidence that perceptual vulnerability contributes to the heterogeneity of SSD and aligns with subtype\u2010specific loci of processing difficulty.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n What are the clinical implications of this study?<\/jats:italic>\n \n \n The findings highlight the value of incorporating speech perception assessment into the evaluation of children with SSD, particularly when differential diagnosis among SSD subtypes is considered. Perceptual assessment may be less critical for children with articulation disorder, whose difficulties appear largely output\u2010based, but should be considered an essential component for children with phonological delay or phonological disorder. In particular, these findings underscore the relevance of speech perception for understanding heterogeneity in SSD, without implying uniform vulnerability across contrast types or children. A subtype\u2010sensitive approach to speech perception assessment and intervention may support more precise clinical decision\u2010making and more effective, individualized treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:29:35Z","timestamp":1790414975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Speech Perception Profiles in Korean\u2010Speaking Children With Speech Sound Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Hajeong","family":"Bang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Speech Language Pathology Hallym University Chuncheon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghee","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology Hallym University Chuncheon\u2010si, Kangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/055)","article-title":"Psycholinguistic Models of Speech Development and Their Application to Clinical Practice","volume":"44","author":"Baker E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1981\u20105794\u20101704\u20104"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2021.1948609","article-title":"Speech Production and Speech Perception in Children with Speech Sound Disorder","volume":"36","author":"Berti L. 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