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Approximately 80% of antimicrobials used in aquaculture enter the environment with their activity intact where they select for bacteria whose resistance arises from mutations or more importantly, from mobile genetic elements containing multiple resistance determinants transmissible to other bacteria. Such selection alters biodiversity in aquatic environments and the normal flora of fish and shellfish. The commonality of the mobilome (the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome) between aquatic and terrestrial bacteria together with the presence of residual antimicrobials, biofilms, and high concentrations of bacteriophages where the aquatic environment may also be contaminated with pathogens of human and animal origin can stimulate exchange of genetic information between aquatic and terrestrial bacteria. Several recently found genetic elements and resistance determinants for quinolones, tetracyclines, and \u03b2\u2010lactamases are shared between aquatic bacteria, fish pathogens, and human pathogens, and appear to have originated in aquatic bacteria. Excessive use of antimicrobials in aquaculture can thus potentially negatively impact animal and human health as well as the aquatic environment and should be better assessed and regulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]],"date-time":"2013-04-10T07:18:41Z","timestamp":1365578321000},"page":"1917-1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":818,"title":["Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re\u2010examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Felipe C.","family":"Cabello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology New York Medical College  Valhalla NY 10595 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry P.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology New York Medical College  Valhalla NY 10595 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tomova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology New York Medical College  Valhalla NY 10595 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology New York Medical College  Valhalla NY 10595 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"D\u00f6lz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Millanao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro H.","family":"Buschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i\u223cmar Universidad de Los Lagos  Puerto Montt Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antibiotic use in food\u2010animal production in Denmark","volume":"18","author":"Aarestrup F.M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"APUA Newsletter"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Food safety hazards related to emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria in cultured freshwater fishes of Kolkata, India","volume":"3","author":"Abraham T.J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.6.3348-3350.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00260-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2001.00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Antibiotic Resistance: An Ecological Perspective on an Old Problem","author":"American Academy of Microbiology","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903322762815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Aquaculture: Potential for Public Health Impact","author":"Angulo F.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2004.00789.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.9.1446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-1-103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Antibiotic use in finfish aquaculture: modes of action, environmental fate, and microbial resistance","volume":"5","author":"Armstrong S.M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hdbk Environ Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia. 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