{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:22:19Z","timestamp":1791300139177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n \n N<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n eisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n is an obligate human pathogen that colonizes the genital tract and causes gonorrhoea.\n \n N<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n eisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n can form biofilms during natural cervical infections, on glass and in continuous flow\u2010chamber systems. These biofilms contain large amounts of extracellular\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n , which plays an important role in biofilm formation. Many clinical isolates contain a gonococcal genetic island that encodes a type\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n secretion system (\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n SS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). The\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n SS<\/jats:styled-content>\n of\n \n N<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n strain\n MS<\/jats:styled-content>\n 11 secretes ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n directly into the medium. Biofilm formation, studied in continuous flow\u2010chamber systems by confocal laser scanning microscopy (\n CLSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), was strongly reduced, especially in the initial phases of biofilm formation, in the presence of\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n xonuclease I, which specifically degrades ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n or in a \u0394\n tra<\/jats:italic>\n \n B<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n strain that does not secrete ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n . To specifically detect ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n in biofilms using\n CLSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n , a novel method was developed in which thermostable fluorescently labelled ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010 and ss\/ds\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010binding proteins were used to visualize ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and total\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n in biofilms and planktonic cultures. Remarkably, mainly ds\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was detected in biofilms of the ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n secreting strain. We conclude that the secreted ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n facilitates initial biofilm formation, but that the secreted ss\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n is not retained in mature biofilms.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T22:27:59Z","timestamp":1381530479000},"page":"1040-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Secreted single\u2010stranded\n DNA<\/scp>\n is involved in the initial phase of biofilm formation by\n \n N<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n eisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Zweig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecophysiology Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institute for terrestrial Microbiology Marburg 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