{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:10:34Z","timestamp":1793157034590,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,7]],"date-time":"2014-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Of all known\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n almonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n serovars,\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis is one of the most commonly isolated and has been recently emerging worldwide. To understand the recent emergence of\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis in\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n srael, we performed extensive comparative analyses between pre\u2010emergent and the clonal emergent\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis populations. We demonstrate the fixation of adaptive mutations in the\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n gyrase (\n \n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and nitroreductase (\n \n nfsA<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) genes, conferring resistance to quinolones and nitrofurans, respectively, and the carriage of an emergent\u2010specific plasmid, designated\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n . This self\u2010transferred episome is a mosaic megaplasmid (\u223c280\u2009kb), which increases bacterial tolerance to environmental mercury (\n mer<\/jats:italic>\n operon) and oxidative stress, and provides further resistance to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, most likely due to the presence of\n \n tetRA<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n \n sulI<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n genes respectively. Moreover,\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n carries the yersiniabactin siderophore system and two novel chaperone\u2010usher fimbriae.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n studies established that\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n conjugation into a plasmidless\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis strain results in superior biofilm formation, adhesion and invasion into avian and mammalian host cells.\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n mouse infections demonstrated higher pathogenicity and increased intestinal inflammation caused by an\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis strain harboring\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n compared with the plasmidless parental strain. Our results indicate that the presence of\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n that was found only in the emergent population of\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis in\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n srael contributes significantly to antimicrobials tolerance and pathogenicity of its carrier. It is highly likely that\n pESI<\/jats:styled-content>\n plays a key role in the successful spread of the emergent clone that replaced the local\n \n S<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n . Infantis community in the short time of only 2\u20133 years.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T00:24:28Z","timestamp":1386635068000},"page":"977-994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["A unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent\n \n S<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n almonella enterica<\/i>\n serovar Infantis strain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gili","family":"Aviv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory Tel\u2010Hashomer Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Tsyba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory Tel\u2010Hashomer Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Medicine Christian Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Borstel Borstel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mali","family":"Salmon\u2010Divon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center Sheba Medical Center Tel\u2010Hashomer Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Cornelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Medicine Christian Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Borstel Borstel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galia","family":"Rahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory Tel\u2010Hashomer Israel"},{"name":"Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guntram A,","family":"Grassl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Medicine Christian Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Borstel Borstel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohad","family":"Gal\u2010Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory Tel\u2010Hashomer Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2003_3696","article-title":"Spread and survival of promiscuous IncP\u20101 plasmids","volume":"50","author":"Adamczyk M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Anonymous (2009).Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2009[WWW document]. 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