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The absence of a repeatable, universal typing scheme for the causative bacterium\n \n P<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n aenibacillus larvae<\/jats:italic>\n has restricted our understanding of disease epidemiology. We have created the first multilocus sequence typing scheme (\n MLST<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for\n \n P<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009larvae<\/jats:italic>\n , which largely confirms the previous enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (\n ERIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2013polymerase chain reaction (\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010based typing scheme's divisions while providing added resolution and improved repeatability. We have used the new scheme to determine the distribution and biogeography of 294 samples of\n \n P<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009larvae<\/jats:italic>\n from across six continents. We found that of the two most epidemiologically important\n ERIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n types,\n ERIC I<\/jats:styled-content>\n was more diverse than\n ERIC II<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Analysis of the fixation index (\n \n F\n ST<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) by distance suggested a significant relationship between genetic and geographic distance, suggesting that population structure exists in populations of\n \n P<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009larvae<\/jats:italic>\n . Interestingly, this effect was only observed within the native range of the host and was absent in areas where international trade has moved honeybees and their disease. Correspondence analysis demonstrated similar sequence type (\n ST<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) distributions between native and non\u2010native countries and that\n ERIC I<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n II ST<\/jats:styled-content>\n s mainly have differing distributions. The new typing scheme facilitates epidemiological study of this costly disease of a key pollinator.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]],"date-time":"2014-09-22T07:19:22Z","timestamp":1411370362000},"page":"1414-1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Biogeography of\n \n P<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n aenibacillus larvae<\/i>\n , the causative agent of American foulbrood, using a new multilocus sequence typing scheme"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department University of York PO Box 373 York YO10 5YW UK"},{"name":"Food and Environment Research Agency Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorunn","family":"Helgason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology 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