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Progress towards unravelling this puzzle for Earth is hindered by the scarcity of well\u2010preserved rocks from the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    rchean (4.0 to 2.5\u2009Gyr ago) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    roterozoic (2.5 to 0.5\u2009Gyr ago)\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ons. In addition, the microscopic life that dominated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth's biota for most of its history left a poor fossil record, consisting primarily of lithified microbial mats, rare microbial body fossils and membrane\u2010derived hydrocarbon molecules that are still challenging to interpret. However, it is clear from the sulfur isotope record and other geochemical proxies that the production of oxygen or oxidizing power radically changed\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth's surface and atmosphere during the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    roterozoic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    on, pushing it away from the more reducing conditions prevalent during the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    rchean. In addition to ancient rocks, our reconstruction of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth's redox evolution is informed by our knowledge of biogeochemical cycles catalysed by extant biota. The emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis in ancient cyanobacteria represents one of the most impressive microbial innovations in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth's history, and oxygenic photosynthesis is the largest source of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the atmosphere today. Thus the study of microbial metabolisms and evolution provides an important link between extant biota and the clues from the geologic record. Here, we consider the physiology of\n                    <jats:italic>cyanobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the only microorganisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis), their co\u2010occurrence with anoxygenic phototrophs in a variety of environments and their persistence in low\u2010oxygen environments, including in water columns as well as mats, throughout much of Earth's history. We examine insights gained from both the rock record and cyanobacteria presently living in early\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth analogue ecosystems and synthesize current knowledge of these ancient microbial mediators in planetary redox evolution. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that anoxygenic photosynthesis, including the activity of metabolically versatile cyanobacteria, played an important role in delaying the oxygenation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    arth's surface ocean during the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    roterozoic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    on.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,9]],"date-time":"2015-11-09T01:24:57Z","timestamp":1447032297000},"page":"325-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["The role of biology in planetary evolution: cyanobacterial primary production in low\u2010oxygen Proterozoic oceans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Trinity L.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH 45221 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Montana State University  Bozeman MT 59717 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Macalady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Astrobiology Research Center (PSARC) Department of Geosciences The Pennsylvania State University  University Park PA 16802 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