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Tick\u2010na\u00efve birds were infested with three successive batches (spaced 5 days apart) of field\u2010collected\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>xodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    nymphs, carrying the following tick\u2010borne bacteria:\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>ickettsia helvetica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (16.9%),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>orrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.9%),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>orrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.6%),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>naplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.2%) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>andidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2005\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    eoehrlichia mikurensis (0.4%). Fed ticks were screened for the pathogens after moulting to the next developmental phase. We found evidence for early transmission (within 2.75 days after exposure) of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009helvetica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and to a lesser extent of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on the increased infection rates of ticks during the first infestation. The proportion of ticks infected with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009helvetica<\/jats:italic>\n                    remained constant over the three infestations. In contrast, the infection rate of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <jats:italic>.\u2009garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the ticks increased over the three infestations, indicating a more gradual development of host tissue infection. No interactions were found among the different bacterium species during transmission. Birds did not transmit or amplify the other bacterial species. We show that individual birds can transmit several pathogenic bacterium species at the same time using different mechanisms, and that the transmission facilitation by birds increases the frequency of co\u2010infections in ticks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T05:24:47Z","timestamp":1449033887000},"page":"988-996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Co\u2010infections and transmission dynamics in a tick\u2010borne bacterium community exposed to songbirds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"Heylen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp  Antwerpen 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