{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:52:38Z","timestamp":1790430758145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]],"date-time":"2016-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Toxic dinoflagellates pose serious threats to human health and to fisheries. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Gambierdiscus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is significant in this respect because its members produce ciguatoxin that accumulates in predominantly tropical marine food webs and leads to ciguatera fish poisoning. Understanding the biology of toxic dinoflagellates is crucial to developing control strategies. To this end, we generated a\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcriptome library from\n                    <jats:italic>G. caribaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and studied its growth under different culture conditions to elucidate pathways of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) utilization. We also gathered available dinoflagellate transcriptome data to trace the evolutionary history of C and N pathways in this phylum. We find that rather than being specific adaptations to the epiphytic lifestyle in\n                    <jats:italic>G. caribaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the majority of dinoflagellates share a large array of genes that putatively confer mixotrophy and the ability to use N via the ornithine\u2010urea cycle and nitric oxide synthase production. These results suggest that prior to plastid endosymbiosis, the dinoflagellate ancestor possessed complex pathways that linked metabolism, intercellular signaling, and stress responses to environmental cues that have been maintained by extant photosynthetic species. This metabolic flexibility likely explains the success of dinoflagellates in marine ecosystems and may presage difficulties in controlling the spread of toxic species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T04:14:06Z","timestamp":1470197646000},"page":"4501-4510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Analysis of\n                    <i>\n                      <scp>G<\/scp>\n                      ambierdiscus\n                    <\/i>\n                    transcriptome data supports ancient origins of mixotrophic pathways in dinoflagellates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dana C.","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Pathology Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Farinholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oceans and Human Health, Oceanography Department, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, MSB no. 205 University of Hawaii Honolulu HI 96822 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Gates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08854 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Shumaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bienfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oceans and Human Health, Oceanography Department, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, MSB no. 205 University of Hawaii Honolulu HI 96822 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debashish","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ciguatera and Marine Natural Products","author":"Abbott I.A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570593"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10074"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-30-1-1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","unstructured":"Ballantine D.L. Bardales A.T. Tosteson T.R. andDupont\u2010Durst H.(1985) Seasonal abundance ofGambierdiscus toxicusandOstreopsis sp. in coastal water of south\u2010west Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress Tahiti 4: Symposia and Seminars (B) pp. 417\u2010422."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume":"13","author":"Baudouin E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Language of Nitric Oxide Signalling Plant Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Ecological studies of benthic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera from the Florida Keys","author":"Bomber J.W.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Department of Oceanography and Ocean Engineering: Florida Institute of Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Ecology, genetic variability and physiology of the ciguatera\u2010causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi & Fukuyo","author":"Bomber J.W.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Department of Oceanography and Ocean Engineering: Florida Institute of Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Biology of the Red Algae","author":"Craigie J.S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062608-103436"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00369"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of three Pseudo\u2010nitzchia species reveals comparable gene sets and the presence of Nitric Oxide Synthase genes in diatoms","volume":"5","author":"Dato V.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9883(03)00047-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.073510"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.065243"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620020204"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204302109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001889"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04217.x","article-title":"Media for the culture of oceanic ultraphytoplankton","volume":"23","author":"Keller M.D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Phycol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2980249"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(57)90101-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ame021031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470262269.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/07-15.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i3.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12230"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2563172"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm321"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00385.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","unstructured":"Nelson D.L.andCox M.M.(2005) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl770"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","first-page":"598","article-title":"An examination of the epiphytic nature of Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate involved in ciguatera fish poisoning","volume":"10","author":"Parsons M.L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213561"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06710-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(98)00130-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl446"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04619.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(99)01393-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.46.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.9.847"}],"container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1462-2920.13478","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1462-2920.13478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1761893250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1462-2920.13478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13478","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-2912","1462-2920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-2912","type":"print"},{"value":"1462-2920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}