{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:45:48Z","timestamp":1790480748104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]],"date-time":"2017-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The principal European vector for\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.l., the causative agents of Lyme disease, is the host\u2010generalist tick\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Almost all terrestrial host\u2010specialist ticks have been supposed not to contribute to the terrestrial\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission cycles. Through an experiment with blackbirds, we show successful transmission by the widespread\n                    <jats:italic>I. frontalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an abundant bird\u2010specialized tick that infests a broad range of songbirds. In the first phase of the experiment, we obtained\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected\n                    <jats:italic>I. frontalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (infection rate: 19%) and\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (17%) nymphs by exposing larvae to wild blackbirds that carried several genospecies (\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia turdi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s.). In the second phase, pathogen\u2010free blackbirds were exposed to these infected nymphs. Both tick species were able to infect the birds, as indicated by the analysis of xenodiagnostic\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae which provided evidence for both co\u2010feeding and systemic transmission (infection rates: 10%\u201060%).\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes frontalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was shown to transmit\n                    <jats:italic>B. turdi<\/jats:italic>\n                    spirochetes, while\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmitted both\n                    <jats:italic>B. turdi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. valaisiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Neither species transmitted\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s. European enzootic cycles of\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    between songbirds and their ornithophilic ticks do exist, with\n                    <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    potentially acting as a bridging vector towards mammals, including man.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T17:55:19Z","timestamp":1486058119000},"page":"1857-1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bridging of cryptic\n                    <i>Borrelia<\/i>\n                    cycles in European songbirds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dieter","family":"Heylen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Lopes de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector and Infectious Diseases Research National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Sofia","family":"N\u00fancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector and Infectious Diseases Research National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Sprong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Norte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector and Infectious Diseases Research National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"MARE \u2013 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Baert K. andBacker P.D.(1999) Embutramide (T\u201061 \u00ae). 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