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Despite this, the pathways through which elemental sulfur is reduced to hydrogen sulfide remain unclear in most microorganisms. We integrated growth experiments using\n                    <jats:italic>Thermovibrio ammonificans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a deep\u2010sea vent thermophile that conserves energy from the oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of both nitrate and elemental sulfur, with comparative transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, coupled with scanning electron microscopy. Our results revealed that two members of the FAD\u2010dependent pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductase family, similar to sulfide\u2010quinone reductase and to NADH\u2010dependent sulfur reductase (NSR), respectively, are over\u2010expressed during sulfur respiration. Scanning electron micrographs and sulfur sequestration experiments indicated that direct access of\n                    <jats:italic>T. ammonificans<\/jats:italic>\n                    to sulfur particles strongly promoted growth. The sulfur metabolism of\n                    <jats:italic>T. ammonificans<\/jats:italic>\n                    appears to require abiotic transition from bulk elemental sulfur to polysulfide to nanoparticulate sulfur at an acidic pH, coupled to biological hydrogen oxidation. A coupled biotic\u2010abiotic mechanism for sulfur respiration is put forward, mediated by an NSR\u2010like protein as the terminal reductase.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,24]],"date-time":"2018-05-24T23:59:25Z","timestamp":1527206365000},"page":"2301-2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Elemental sulfur reduction in the deep\u2010sea vent thermophile,\n                    <i>Thermovibrio ammonificans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Jelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program Rutgers University, New Brunswick  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7182-8233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Science National Research Council  Ancona 60125 Italy"},{"name":"Earth\u2010Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology  Tokyo 152\u20108550 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Falkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program Rutgers University, New Brunswick  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"},{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ 08854 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Vetriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Rutgers University  New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00576.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00334-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37518-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03160-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0816-888d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00888-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.299.7-9.697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(85)90005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"Purification and properties of an extremely thermostable membrane\u2010bound sulfur\u2010reducing complex from the hyperthermophilic Pyrodictium abyssi","volume":"252","author":"Dirmeier R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/12.6.543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4056\/sigs.2856770"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Gordon A. andHannon G.(2010)Fastx\u2010toolkit. 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