{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:26:06Z","timestamp":1790346366966,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Carriage of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    is often associated with a high level of bacterial excretion and generally occurs after a short systemic infection. However, we do not know whether this systemic infection is required or whether the carrier\u2010state corresponds to continuous reinfection or real persistence in caecal tissue. The use of a\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Enteritidis\n                    <jats:italic>bamB<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant demonstrated that a carrier\u2010state could be obtained in chicken in the absence of systemic infection. The development of a new infection model in isolator showed that a marked decrease in animal reinfection and host\u2010to\u2010host transmission between chicks led to a heterogeneity of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis excretion and colonization contrary to what was observed in cages. This heterogeneity of infection was characterized by the presence of super\u2010shedders, which constantly disseminated\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the low\u2010shedder chicks, mainly through airborne movements of contaminated dust particles. The presence of super\u2010shedders, in the absence of host\u2010to\u2010host transmission, demonstrated that constant reinfection was not required to induce a carrier\u2010state. Finally, our results suggest that low\u2010shedder chicks do not have a higher capability to destroy\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    but instead can block initial\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization. This new paradigm opens new avenues to improve understanding of the carrier\u2010state mechanisms and to define new strategies to control\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\u00a9 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,19]],"date-time":"2018-06-19T18:40:50Z","timestamp":1529433650000},"page":"3246-3260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Role of systemic infection, cross contaminations and super\u2010shedders in\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    carrier state in chicken"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pierrette","family":"Menanteau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISP, INRA Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais de Tours  UMR 1282, 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