{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:26:38Z","timestamp":1781828798386,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003993","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Paenibacillus larvae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Melissococcus plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively, are major bacterial infections of honey bees. Although macrolides (mirosamicin [MRM] and tylosin) have been used to prevent AFB in Japan, macrolide\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>P. larvae<\/jats:italic>\n                    have yet to be found. In this study, we revealed that both MRM\u2010resistant and \u2010susceptible strains exist in Japanese\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and that a methyltransferase gene (\n                    <jats:italic>rlmA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>II<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    ) was disrupted exclusively in MRM\u2010susceptible strains due to a single\u2010nucleotide insertion. The\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    RlmA\n                    <jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup>\n                    modified G748 of 23S rRNA, and the deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>rlmA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>II<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    resulted in increased susceptibility to MRM and the loss of modification at G748, suggesting that methylation at G748 by RlmA\n                    <jats:sup>II<\/jats:sup>\n                    confers MRM resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The single\u2010nucleotide mutation in MRM\u2010susceptible strains was easily repaired by spontaneous deletion of the inserted nucleotide; however, intact\n                    <jats:italic>rlmA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>II<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    was only found in Japanese\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and not in a Paraguayan strain tested or any of the whole\u2010genome\u2010sequenced European strains. MRM has been used in apiculture only in Japan. Although\n                    <jats:italic>M. plutonius<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not the target of this drug, the use of MRM as a prophylactic drug for AFB may have influenced the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative agent of EFB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:05:02Z","timestamp":1532477102000},"page":"4431-4443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A frameshift mutation in the rRNA large subunit methyltransferase gene\n                    <i>rlmA<\/i>\n                    <sup>\n                      <i>II<\/i>\n                    <\/sup>\n                    determines the susceptibility of a honey bee pathogen\n                    <i>Melissococcus plutonius<\/i>\n                    to mirosamicin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Takamatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"},{"name":"The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Gifu 501\u20101193 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iwate Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center  Takizawa Iwate 020\u20100605 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Watando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center  Okazaki Aichi 444\u20100805 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kusumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Osaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Katsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization  Tsukuba Ibaraki 305\u20100856 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Is Terramycin R losing its effectiveness against AFB? 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