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These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Cercospora beticola<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (\n                    <jats:italic>CTB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of\n                    <jats:italic>Elsino\u00eb fawcettii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cladosporium phlei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the\n                    <jats:italic>CTB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified\n                    <jats:italic>C. beticola<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>E. fawcettii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. phlei<\/jats:italic>\n                    melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in\n                    <jats:italic>C. beticola<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. fawcettii<\/jats:italic>\n                    coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T22:40:12Z","timestamp":1542062412000},"page":"913-927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Gene cluster conservation identifies melanin and perylenequinone biosynthesis pathways in multiple plant pathogenic fungi"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1891-6063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malaika K.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center USDA Agricultural Research Service  Fargo ND USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology North Dakota State University  Fargo ND USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology Wageningen University  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Spanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center USDA Agricultural Research Service  Fargo ND USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology North Dakota State University  Fargo ND USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnie","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant\u2010Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology Science4Life, Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center USDA Agricultural Research Service  Fargo ND USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Holthusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center USDA Agricultural Research Service  Fargo ND USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary A.","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology North Dakota State University  Fargo ND USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart P. 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