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Indeed, most\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are encountered in aquatic environments. To better understand the emergence of pandemic lineages, it is crucial to discern what differentiates pandemic strains from their environmental relatives. Here, we studied the interaction of environmental\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    with eukaryotic predators or competing bacteria and tested the contributions of the haemolysin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to those interactions. Both of these molecular weapons are constitutively active in environmental isolates but subject to tight regulation in the pandemic clade. We showed that several environmental isolates resist amoebal grazing and that this anti\u2010grazing defense relies on the strains' T6SS and its actincross\u2010linking domain (ACD)\u2010containing tip protein. Strains lacking the ACD were unable to defend themselves against grazing amoebae but maintained high levels of T6SS\u2010dependent interbacterial killing. We explored the latter phenotype through whole\u2010genome sequencing of 14 isolates, which unveiled a wide array of novel T6SS effector and (orphan) immunity proteins. By combining these\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    predictions with experimental validations, we showed that highly similar but non\u2010identical immunity proteins were insufficient to provide cross\u2010immunity among those wild strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T22:11:25Z","timestamp":1599171085000},"page":"4485-4504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Interbacterial competition and anti\u2010predatory behaviour of environmental\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    strains"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia C.","family":"Drebes D\u00f6rr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Lausanne CH\u20101015 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Blokesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)  Lausanne CH\u20101015 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/118.1.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00075-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00607.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00351-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00893-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","article-title":"TransFLP \u2010 a method to genetically modify Vibrio cholerae based on natural transformation and FLP\u2010recombination","volume":"68","author":"Blokesch M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis 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