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Because few cultures and genomes are available, uncharacterized Thermoplasmata metabolisms remain unexplored. In this study, we obtained four medium\u2010 to high\u2010quality archaeal metagenome\u2010assembled genomes (MAGs) from the filamentous fragments of black\u2010odorous aquatic sediments (Foshan, Guangdong, China). Based on their 16S rRNA gene and ribosomal protein phylogenies, the four MAGs belong to the previously unnamed Thermoplasmata UBA10834 clade. We propose that this clade (five reference genomes from the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) and four MAGs from this study) be considered a new order,\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gimiplasmatales. Metabolic pathway reconstructions indicated that the\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Gimiplasmatales MAGs can biosynthesize isoprenoids and nucleotides\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, some taxa have genes for formaldehyde and acetate assimilation, and the Wood\u2013Ljungdahl CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010fixation pathway, indicating a mixotrophic lifestyle. Sulfur reduction, hydrogen metabolism, and arsenic detoxification pathways were predicted, indicating sulfur\u2010, hydrogen\u2010, and arsenic\u2010transformation potentials. Comparative genomics indicated that the H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    F Wood\u2013Ljungdahl pathway of both\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Gimiplasmatales and Methanomassiliicoccales was likely obtained by the interdomain lateral gene transfer from the Firmicutes. Collectively, this study elucidates the taxonomic and potential metabolic diversity of the new order\n                    <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Gimiplasmatales and the evolution of this subgroup and its sister lineage Methanomassiliicoccales.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T04:05:33Z","timestamp":1607573133000},"page":"3695-3709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Metagenomic insights into the metabolism and evolution of a new Thermoplasmata order (\n                    <i>Candidatus<\/i>\n                    Gimiplasmatales)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology and Biological Engineering South China University of Technology  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key 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