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How the sulfur cycling is mediated by microbes near SMTZ has not been fully understood. In this study, we detected a shallow SMTZ in three of eight sediment cores sampled from two cold seep areas in the South China Sea. One hundred ten genomes representing sulfur\u2010oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and sulfur\u2010reducing bacteria (SRB) strains were identified from three SMTZ\u2010bearing cores. In the layers above SMTZ, SOB were mostly constituted by Campylobacterota, Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria that probably depended on nitrogen oxides and\/or oxygen for oxidation of sulfide and thiosulfate in near\u2010surface sediment layers. In the layers below the SMTZ, the deltaproteobacterial SRB genomes and metatranscriptomes revealed CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    fixation by Wood\u2013Ljungdahl pathway, sulfate reduction and nitrogen fixation for syntrophic or fermentative lifestyle. A total of 68% of the metagenome assembled genomes were not adjacent to known species in a phylogenomic tree, indicating a high diversity of bacteria involved in sulfur cycling. With the large number of genomes for SOB and SRB, our study uncovers the microbial populations that potentially mediate sulfur metabolism and associated carbon and nitrogen cycles, which sheds light on complex biogeochemical processes in deep\u2010sea environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T23:30:27Z","timestamp":1633735827000},"page":"6844-6858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Microbial ecology of sulfur cycling near the sulfate\u2013methane transition of deep\u2010sea cold seep sediments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wen\u2010Li","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences  Sanya Hainan 572000 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