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However, this potential risk is often overlooked, since drug concentrations in nature are usually below their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Albeit, antibiotic resistant bacteria can be selected even at sub\u2010MIC concentrations, in a range known as the sub\u2010MIC selective window. Using short\u2010term evolution experiments, we have determined the sub\u2010MIC selective windows of the opportunistic pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    for seven antibiotics of clinical relevance, finding the ones of quinolones to be the widest, and the ones of polymyxin B and imipenem, the narrowest. Clinically relevant multidrug\u2010resistant mutants arose within the sub\u2010MIC selective windows of most antibiotics tested, being some of these phenotypes mediated by efflux pumps' activity. The fact that the concentration of antibiotics reported in aquatic ecosystems \u2013 colonizable by\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013 are, in occasions, higher than the ones that select multidrug\u2010resistant mutants in our assays, has implications for understanding the role of different ecosystems and conditions in the emergence of antibiotic resistance from a One\u2010Health perspective. Further, it reinforces the importance of procuring accurate information on the sub\u2010MIC selective windows for drugs of clinical value in pathogens with environmental niches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T07:28:55Z","timestamp":1634801335000},"page":"1279-1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Evolution under low antibiotic concentrations: a risk for the selection of\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    multidrug\u2010resistant mutants in nature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8238-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Sanz\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda CSIC  Madrid 28049 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