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Clinical benefits were observed with different immunomodulators. The variable outcomes of trials with the interleukin 6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab demonstrated that treatment benefits might only be present in specific subgroups of patients or in specific infection stages. A meta\u2010analysis of trials with the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra showed a survival benefit only in patients with hyperinflammation. The Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is an anti\u2010inflammatory treatment that showed a clinical benefit in hospitalized patients who do not yet need supplementary oxygen. In contrast, the corticosteroid dexamethasone showed mortality reducing effects that were limited to patients on ventilation or in need of supplementary oxygen. Therapeutic dose of anticoagulation met the criteria for inferiority in severe cases, but showed a small survival benefit in non\u2010severe COVID\u201019 patients. Large trials with colchicine showed a small or no survival benefit. Azithromycin, an antibiotic with immunomodulatory activity, showed no effects in numerous clinical trials. The trials showed a clear need for new drugs instead of repurposed drugs and drugs that specifically target the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus or the pathology developing in COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T04:09:56Z","timestamp":1635912596000},"page":"7257-7270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host\u2010modifying drugs against\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019: some successes, but not yet the breakthrough"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4783-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Br\u00fcssow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology KU Leuven  Leuven 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