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However, the relative importance of these factors and their interaction in the environment remain poorly understood. Here, metagenomic sequencing and a full\u2010factorial MeHg formation experiment were conducted across a wetland sulfate gradient with different microbial communities and pore water chemistries. From this experiment, the relative importance of each factor on MeHg formation was isolated. Hg(II)\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    bioavailability correlated with the dissolved organic matter composition, while the microbial Hg\u2010methylation capacity correlated with the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>hgcA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. MeHg formation responded synergistically to both factors. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>hgcA<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences were from diverse taxonomic groups, none of which contained genes for dissimilatory sulfate reduction. This work expands our understanding of the geochemical and microbial constraints on MeHg formation in situ and provides an experimental framework for further mechanistic studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T05:59:03Z","timestamp":1677995943000},"page":"1409-1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Environmental formation of methylmercury is controlled by synergy of inorganic mercury bioavailability and microbial mercury\u2010methylation capacity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5290-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology University of California\u2013Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Krabbenhoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory U.S. Geological Survey  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7038-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine D.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Ogorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory U.S. Geological Survey  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mercury Research Laboratory U.S. Geological Survey  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Orem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology Energy &amp; Minerals Science Center U.S. Geological Survey  Reston Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett A.","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology University of California\u2013Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2010.530934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01666-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00156-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Permutation tests for stochastic ordering and ANOVA: theory and applications with R","author":"Basso D.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9808200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01885"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11310"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5906-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01049-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.7.1815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG002993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es300865f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.50.2.498-502.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeWild J.F. 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