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In order to elucidate the key processes, we investigated rust tubercles forming massively on sheet piles along the river Havel (Germany) applying a complementary set of techniques. In\u2010situ microsensor profiling revealed steep gradients of O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , redox potential and pH within the tubercle. Micro\u2010computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy showed a multi\u2010layered inner structure with chambers and channels and various organisms embedded in the mineral matrix. Using M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy we identified typical corrosion products including electrically conductive iron (Fe) minerals. Determination of bacterial gene copy numbers and sequencing of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA amplicons supported a densely populated tubercle matrix with a phylogenetically and metabolically diverse microbial community. Based on our results and previous models of physic(electro)chemical reactions, we propose here a comprehensive concept of tubercle formation highlighting the crucial reactions and microorganisms involved (such as phototrophs, fermenting bacteria, dissimilatory sulphate and Fe(III) reducers) in metal corrosion in freshwaters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1683289850000},"page":"1796-1815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Microbially influenced corrosion and rust tubercle formation on sheet piles in freshwater systems"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Fiskal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department U2\u2014Microbial Ecology Federal Institute of Hydrology  Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Shuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Structural Microscopy University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Structural Microscopy University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lipi","family":"Raghunatha Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department G2\u2014Aquatic chemistry Federal Institute of Hydrology  Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven\u2010Erik","family":"Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section B2\u2014Steel Structures and Corrosion Protection Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kappler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T\u00fcbingen Structural Microscopy University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence: EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department U2\u2014Microbial Ecology Federal Institute of Hydrology  Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Herrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department G3\u2014Ecotoxicology Federal Institute of Hydrology  Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences University Koblenz  Koblenz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.201910842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2020.109179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.19950461106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.4.2186-2189.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boone D.R. 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