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The opportunistic pathogen responds to stress by forming \u2018viable but non\u2010culturable\u2019 (VBNC) cells, which cannot be detected by standard cultivation\u2010based techniques. In this study, we document that\n                    <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    enters the VBNC state after exposure to heat stress at 50\u00b0C for 30\u2009h, at 55\u00b0C for 5\u2009h or at 60\u00b0C for 30\u2009min, while still retaining metabolic activity and intact cell membranes. Resuscitation of heat\u2010induced VBNC\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    neither occurred in amoebae nor in macrophages. VBNC\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    showed impaired uptake by phagocytes, formation of\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010containing vacuoles (LCVs), and Icm\/Dot\u2010dependent secretion of effector proteins. The T4SS was rapidly inactivated already upon exposure to 50\u00b0C for 3\u20135\u2009h, while the bacteria were still culturable. The\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                    quorum sensing (Lqs)\u2010LvbR network is implicated in VBNC induction, since the \u2206\n                    <jats:italic>lvbR<\/jats:italic>\n                    and \u2206\n                    <jats:italic>lqsR<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant strains showed a more pronounced heat sensitivity than the parental strain, and the \u2206\n                    <jats:italic>lqsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant was less heat sensitive. Taken together, our results reveal that heat exposure of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    rapidly inactivates the Icm\/Dot T4SS before the VBNC state is induced, thus impairing resuscitation by amoebae.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T01:54:33Z","timestamp":1736906073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rapid Icm\/Dot\n                    <scp>T4SS<\/scp>\n                    Inactivation Prevents Resuscitation of Heat\u2010Induced\n                    <scp>VBNC<\/scp>\n                    <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>\n                    by 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