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Factors impacting ARGs have been well studied in surface soils,\u00a0but how such factors affect ARGs in deep soils (&gt;\u20092\u2009m) remains unknown. This in\u00a0situ study investigated how long\u2010term excessive nitrogen (N) fertilisation, specifically leached nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), influenced ARGs up to 10\u2009m depth. Under replicated 26\u2010year fertilisation (600\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) plots, significant reductions (10%\u201365%) were observed across multiple ARG classes, including beta\u2010lactam, fluoroquinolone, glycopeptide, macrolide\u2010lincosamide\u2010streptogramin (MLS), multidrug, and rifamycin resistance genes, correlating with elevated NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations. KEGG pathways related to antibiotic biosynthesis and the relative abundance of S\u2010strategy ARG hosts, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were both reduced. Additionally, network analysis revealed more positive and fewer negative microbial associations under N treatment. These findings suggest that NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    leaching alleviates microbial N limitation, modulates ecological strategies and microbial interaction networks, and ultimately contributes to lower ARG abundance in deep soil layers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T01:25:04Z","timestamp":1769045104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leached Nitrate Reduces the Abundance of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Deep Soil Layers up to 10\u2009m"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3318-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Key Laboratory of 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