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Therefore, mixotrophic fermentation processes, which integrate diverse carbon and reducing equivalents sources, are gaining more attention. However, the microbial communities evolving in such complex environments, where organic and inorganic substrates interact, remain insufficiently understood. To identify the key microorganisms involved in mixotrophic MCC production, two bioreactors were initially fed with brewer's spent grain as organic feedstock and supplemented daily with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as inorganic substrates. Time\u2010course analyses of net metabolite production rates and microbial community composition identified\n                    <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (likely\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>M. elsdenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. hexanoica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as the main chain elongators in the system. The results suggest that these\n                    <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>\n                    species metabolize short\u2010chain carboxylates, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , with potential cross\u2010feeding interactions with acetogens (likely\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium ljungdahlii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium luticellarii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The homoacetogenic acetate produced is subsequently elongated, likely by\n                    <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, using H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as electron and carbon sources for production of elongated carboxylates. This study paves the way for the development of MCC production strategies that integrate organic waste valorization with direct CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    utilization, using H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    as an electron donor, a process that aligns with low\u2010carbon\u2010footprint technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:15:13Z","timestamp":1775006113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbial Ecology of Mixotrophic Chain Elongation:\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Megasphaera<\/i>\n                      spp.\n                    <\/scp>\n                    as Drivers of Medium\u2010Chain Carboxylate Production From\n                    <scp>\n                      H\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ,\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    , and Carboxylates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1081-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire B. L.","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioengineering and Biorefining, Earth and Life Institute \u2010 Applied Microbiology Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010La\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6085-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Investigator  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit A.","family":"Stenuit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioengineering and Biorefining, Earth and Life Institute \u2010 Applied Microbiology Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010La\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6580-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Gerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioengineering and Biorefining, Earth and Life Institute \u2010 Applied Microbiology Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain  Louvain\u2010La\u2010Neuve Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee22101b"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04847"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167\u20104838(99)00245\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010019\u201010086\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.650631"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751\u20107915.14163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068\u2010023\u201002271\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Advances in Applied Microbiology","author":"Bengelsdorf F. 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