{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:52:39Z","timestamp":1777949559552,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite global cholera cases rising to more than 560,000 in 2024, there remains no consensus on a fundamental aspect of cholera epidemiology: whether pandemic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    forms long\u2010term environmental reservoirs which become the source of future outbreaks. This knowledge gap prevents optimal disease forecasting, resource allocation and outbreak response in a variety of at\u2010risk settings, from places experiencing annual cholera outbreaks (such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to those where the disease seemingly reappears after an absence (such as Haiti). Here, we provide a new framework on links between pandemic cholera and ecological parameters, demonstrating a complex and perhaps time\u2010limited relationship between pathogen and environment. The framework in turn illustrates several outstanding questions which can be addressed to better understand whether, when and how environmental reservoirs perpetuate cholera, thereby helping to advance global cholera control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:53:46Z","timestamp":1777557226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pandemic\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and the Environmental Reservoir Hypothesis\u2014Outstanding Questions Central to Global Cholera Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azfar D.","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Health Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Mekalanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"Ivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Health Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Global Health Institute  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28247-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06637-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50484-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18647-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408992102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02810-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2910.230554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01052.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2213908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2025.\u201cGlobal Situation Report for Cholera 2024.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who\u2010wer10036\u2010347\u2010364."}],"container-title":["Environmental 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